tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57178123077443495802024-02-07T18:26:19.790-08:00Monarquismo InternacionalSiempre en la defensa de la monarquía...
Apoyando el legitimismo en Francia, el Juancarlismo en España, el imperialismo en México y Brasil, y el resto de las monarquías cristianas.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-27832290166376577502011-07-05T13:19:00.000-07:002011-07-05T13:32:07.018-07:00Obituario: Otto von Habsburg<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigp3881vA00cQX1J4zD_7Z-fHKU1zYNFaKatfTndxIw6YknHpxpzGsoAUYMqv8H6juro_Z7QRiExWz__HWzO5lV2rbnunIUw6exXZzzyc_7OgifboeIjaVCO3mo9LTTgVznjPjolmh3As/s1600/oton.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 219px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigp3881vA00cQX1J4zD_7Z-fHKU1zYNFaKatfTndxIw6YknHpxpzGsoAUYMqv8H6juro_Z7QRiExWz__HWzO5lV2rbnunIUw6exXZzzyc_7OgifboeIjaVCO3mo9LTTgVznjPjolmh3As/s320/oton.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5625968682477461666" /></a><br /><br />Queridos compañeros monarquistas, esta entrada atiende a la trágica ocasión que embargo al monarquismo internacional, debido al fallecimiento de Otto von Habsburg (Nacido el 20 de noviembre de 1912), quien ha fallecido el día de ayer 4 de julio del 2011 a la edad de 98 años, con el termina toda una era, pues se trataba del último miembro de la familia real e Imperial de Habsburgo que fungió como príncipe heredero, esto entre la subida al trono de su padre en 1916 y la caída del mismo en 1918. De no haber sido abolida la monarquía austrohúngara en 1918 resultado de la desafortunada I Guerra Mundial, habría reinado como rey y emperador.<br /><br />Otto asumió la jefatura de la depuesta Casa de Habsburgo el día 1ero de abril de 1922, al fallecer su padre el Beato Carlos I de Austria, y siguió en dicha calidad hasta el 1ero de enero del año 2007 cuando voluntariamente abdicó simbólicamente y entrego la batuta imperial a su hijo mayor y heredero, Karl, quien bien debería de ser Carlos II de Austria.<br /><br />Si Otto hubiera gobernado de facto y no hubiera abdicado en 2007, su reinado habría sido por mucho el más largo de la historia europea, extendiéndose a más de noventa años, superando por mucho el record de Luis XIV como rey europeo de mayor duración (Exceptuando algunos príncipes menores que reinaron por más tiempo, como lo fue Carlos Federico, Gran Duque de Badén) que es de poco más de 72 años.<br /><br />Sin lugar a dudas se trata de una ocasión que todo monarquista debe de observar, y se recomienda guardar el luto al menos por unos días, en signo de respeto por el jefe de la quizás más ilustre y antigua casa real e imperial de Europa.<br /><br />Descanse en paz, Otto von Habsburg.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-3927766390601022932011-04-28T20:08:00.001-07:002011-04-28T21:48:38.468-07:00Carlismo II: Don Carlos V, Conde de Molina<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPBFySTyiB9T1D79OMPbc_2T7yudkDB2tYcIlCLx7lOInVJBfDtZa4AnXk4ClJ0y-0LgLU6YyMof492w0FP3O75lgOyypWNBGMZuwRCg2wOI0qVuT5CFeY6Lj-WXcwHaKC8dUHRN3u5qM/s1600/carlos+maria+isidro.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 221px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPBFySTyiB9T1D79OMPbc_2T7yudkDB2tYcIlCLx7lOInVJBfDtZa4AnXk4ClJ0y-0LgLU6YyMof492w0FP3O75lgOyypWNBGMZuwRCg2wOI0qVuT5CFeY6Lj-WXcwHaKC8dUHRN3u5qM/s320/carlos+maria+isidro.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5600862332758548754" /></a><br />El Infante Carlos María Isidro de Borbón<br /><br />El levantamiento del movimiento Carlista no solo supone para España una querella dinástica, sino el nacimiento de toda una historia alternativa dentro de la prolongada y bella gesta histórica de la vida nacional y monárquica de las Españas. Antes de iniciar propiamente con la presente entrada, donde se tratara la vida y legado del Infante Carlos, Conde de Molina, fundador y cabeza del movimiento Carlista original, resulta imperativo acentuar y aclarar que el Carlismo tenía dentro de su agenda todo un ideario propio que le divorciaba por completo de su contraparte, la monarquía liberal Isabelina.<br /><br />Es precisamente en esa diferencia ideológica en la que se fundamente propiamente la querella dinástica, que dista mucho de ser exclusivamente un problema en la interpretación u observancia de las leyes de sucesión a la corona española, para muchos el Carlismo viene a representar el ideal clásico de monarquía paternalista, que juega un papel activo en la política, que protege la religión (Exclusivamente la Santa Católica, Apostólica y Romana) y sobre todo un monarca que guarda y conserva las viejas instituciones (casi feudales) peninsulares, las cuales mantienen una identidad en cada uno de los diversos reinos que vienen a conformar la corona española unificada, y que mantienen fueros históricos y privilegios fiscales.<br /><br />Definitivamente estas son solo a manera somera las principales características del ideario carlista, sin embargo cabe resaltar que una vez concluida la biografía de los diversos pretendientes que conforman la línea alternativa de los Borbones carlistas, se procederá a dedicar una entrada completa para analizar el papel histórico de las ideas carlistas y su influencia en la vida política nacional de España, mismas que vienen a influir indirectamente en la formación del gran país que hoy conocemos.<br /><br />Así bien, el Infante Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, nace el 29 de marzo de 1788, al momento de su nacimiento es el segundo hijo varón sobreviviente de sus padres, Carlos, el Príncipe de Asturias y su mujer María Luisa de Borbón-Parma, Princesa de Asturias, en diciembre de ese mismo año, su abuelo, el rey Carlos III de España fallece, y entonces su padre le sucede como Carlos IV. Cabe resaltar que antes de nacer, sus padres habían tenido una sucesiva serie de hijos varones quienes fallecieron todos antes de nacer Carlos, tres de ellos compartieron su toponímico: Carlos Clemente, Carlos Domingo Y Carlos Francisco, uno más recibió el nombre de Felipe Francisco.<br /><br />De entre sus hermanas resalta, Carlota Joaquina, quien sería reina de Portugal, María Luisa, casada con Luis de Borbón-Parma y de ella descienden todos los actuales dinastas de Borbón-Parma (Quienes como se verá más adelante guardan una estrecha relación con el movimiento Carlista), y María Isabela, reina de Dos-Sicilias al matrimoniarse con Francisco I de Borbón-Dos Sicilias, como se aprecia en una era muy diferente a la que vivimos hoy, se apreciaba y respetaba el principio del matrimonio real en todo el sentido de la palabra, lo que hoy celebramos no es una Boda Real es una boda de un royal con una burguesa (William y Kate), un matrimonio que hasta hace un siglo hubiera sido considerado morganático e invalido para la institución monárquica (Pero no hay que desviarse del tema).<br /><br />Continuando con Carlos, se tiene pues que prácticamente su infancia es tranquila, siendo Infante de España por virtud de ser hijo del rey en el trono, pasando sus primeros años en el Palacio Real de Madrid, esta tranquilidad sin embargo se verá abruptamente interrumpida en el año 1808 cuando las tropas de Napoleón Bonaparte, usurpador del trono francés, no solo abdicara su padre Carlos IV (Inicialmente a favor de su Fernando VII y después a favor de José I Bonaparte, hermano mayor de Napoleón), sino que será tomado prisionero junto con sus hermanos en la ciudad de Valencey, al otro lado de los Urales (Es decir en Francia).<br /><br />Éstos difíciles años se prolongarán hasta 1814, a pesar de que en 1813 las guerrillas peninsulares conseguirán desembarazar a España del usurpador José Bonaparte (Al cual me niego a dar un numeral por tratarse de un monarca ilegítimo), no es sino hasta que cae el Imperio Francés y se da la primera restauración Borbón, que los infantes son rescatados y regresan a la península ahora reinada por su hermano mayor, el rey Fernando VII.<br /><br />Durante la gran parte del reinado de Fernando VII (1813-1833), el Infante Carlos, es reconocido como el heredero presunto al trono, sin embargo nunca es creado Príncipe de Asturias, ya que Fernando VII siempre tuvo la esperanza de que sería capaz de engendrar descendencia legítima, prueba de ello lo son sus cuatro matrimonios, de los cuales, los tres primeros no dejaron ningún solo vástago.<br /><br />En 1816 el infante Carlos, casa con la Infanta María Francisca de Portugal, con quien procreará tres hijos varones, primero Carlos Luis de Borbón y Braganza en 1818) (Su futuro sucesor con el nombre en pretensión de Carlos VI), luego Juan Carlos de Borbón y Braganza en 1822 (El futuro Juan III, pretendiente carlista y legitimista), y finalmente Fernando de Borbón y Braganza nacido en 1824.<br /><br />Es en el año de 1830 cuando repentinamente, la cuarta esposa (María cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias, su sobrina) de Fernando VII da luz a una hija, a la cual llaman Isabel, las cosas cambiaran profundamente para el Infante Carlos, ya que con la ayuda de las Cortes Generales, en mayo de ese mismo año, Fernando VII consigue derogar la Ley Sálica en España (Lo cual me parece sumamente extraño considerando el profundo conservadurismo de Fernando VII), esto por medio de su famosa “Pragmática Sanción”.<br /><br />En 1832 la reina María Cristina, da de nuevo a luz, sin embargo se trata de otra niña, a la cual nombran Luisa Fernanda (Y de quién descienden los duques Orleans de Galliera), ésta fue la última oportunidad de que la sucesión se hubiera logrado sin disputa alguna, si Luisa Fernanda hubiera sido varón, se habría convertido en el heredero aparente, y Carlos no habría tenido ningún reclamo válido al trono español.<br />Sin embargo el destino decidió dejar a Fernando VII sin descendencia masculina, y a su muerte en 1833, legalmente le sucede su hija de tres años como Isabel II de España, primera y única reina titular de la España unificada hasta la fecha, sin embargo Carlos la desconoce y se proclama con el apoyo de una buena parte del ejército y la población como Carlos V de España, el movimiento Carlista ha nacido.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOe4E1G2jk2ZWlqGvwXEnt1HIfTfe07YpbYF8z2r9C4AoIf_1vhlH_VrrGNAiKKfSyQs5G5L666VrdPr2ILyZtIyyQn-tyWNQiNmXL8yCH_8JkGsV13Ek-_ay27U57YibyI97zg20ClWk/s1600/isabel+II.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 312px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOe4E1G2jk2ZWlqGvwXEnt1HIfTfe07YpbYF8z2r9C4AoIf_1vhlH_VrrGNAiKKfSyQs5G5L666VrdPr2ILyZtIyyQn-tyWNQiNmXL8yCH_8JkGsV13Ek-_ay27U57YibyI97zg20ClWk/s320/isabel+II.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5600862533665194946" /></a><br />La reina Isabel II<br /><br />El reinado de Isabel II no pasara de ser mediocre y difícil, los levantamientos Carlistas la pondrán en jaque, y su reinado culminara con una Revolución que la depondrá en 1868 poniendo de hecho en riesgo a la misma dinastía Borbón en España, la cual se trata de “sustituir” ilegalmente con los Saboya en 1870 en la persona de Amadeo, Duque de Aosta, nuevamente me niego a reconocerle como rey legítimo, ya que la sucesión no puede ser alterada por autoridades electas, la monarquía debe de regirse en su propio derecho.<br /><br />Bien entonces, Carlos V, organiza de inmediato un ejército y con su proclamación de Abrantes, se reitera como legítimo sucesor de Fernando VII, la “Primera Guerra Carlista” inicia, el largo peregrinar de un príncipe rebelde inicia, teniendo que huir inicialmente por mar y atravesar el hexágono francés para finalmente establecerse en Navarra y las provincias del país Vasco, mismas de las que tendrá gran apego a lo largo de su vida por sentirse identificado con su identidad rural y profundamente religiosa.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi27hfPYbQzonO7u9SF5g_vCxxBZm2IGBHrt4DF9ZSg2vMMN8FYPMW_XW1EBbNFcxljPu6qYUnXkHSXjGyGHAD858sdhA2we93ZpiY1PVJto5cLe5hZheAdyUepcQPiDN5MDmCCTObgwbs/s1600/primer+guerra+carlista.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 209px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi27hfPYbQzonO7u9SF5g_vCxxBZm2IGBHrt4DF9ZSg2vMMN8FYPMW_XW1EBbNFcxljPu6qYUnXkHSXjGyGHAD858sdhA2we93ZpiY1PVJto5cLe5hZheAdyUepcQPiDN5MDmCCTObgwbs/s320/primer+guerra+carlista.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5600862766540791538" /></a><br />La primera guerra Carlista<br /><br /><br />La sucesión de generales carlistas (Entre ellos, el famoso Zumalacárregui), los temores de complots internos y las divisiones, condenaran al movimiento Carlista a una sensación de desencanto y desilusión, terminada la primera guerra carlista en 1839, con una victoria de las tropas Isabelinas, y la retirada de los Carlistas, el infante Carlos decidirá retirarse al exilio en Francia, definitivamente.<br /><br />La muerte de su primera mujer en 1834 será también un fuerte golpe para el profundamente católico, Carlos V, sin embargo en 1837 adquirirá segundas nupcias, con la hermana de su fallecida mujer, la nueva reina carlista, será la Infanta María Teresa de Portugal, sin embargo de éste matrimonio no habrá descendencia alguna.<br /><br />Cabe resaltar que un simple matrimonio podría haber arreglado la situación, cualquiera de los tres hijos de Carlos V podría haber casado con Isabel II, poniendo fin a la querella dinástica, sin embargo los consejeros de Isabel y el gobierno liberal, veían con desconfianza al conservadurismo de los carlistas, y temían con gran recelo que sus políticas condenaran a España a un retrogrado reino similar al de tiempos de Fernando VII.<br /><br />De hecho en más de una ocasión se presentaron rumores sobre un supuesto matrimonio entre Carlos Luis e Isabel, el cual habría dado de vuelta el trono a la línea mayor de los Borbón-España. Siguiendo estas esperanzas, Carlos V, abdica en 1845 sus derechos y pretensiones al trono español con la esperanza de que su hijo mayor, se pudiera casar con más facilidad con Isabel II, esto sin embargo no sucede, y el ahora, Carlos VI es desairado cuando en 1846 Isabel II contrae nupcias con el Infante Francisco de Asís de Borbón, Duque de Cádiz.<br /><br />El decepcionado Carlos, quien adopta el título de Conde de Molina, pasará sus últimos años en el exilio, con la esperanza de que su hijo Carlos VI logre lo que él no pudo conseguir, retomar el trono español para su linaje y su causa. Sin embargo la Segunda Guerra Carlista (1846-1849) de Carlos VI resultará infructuosa, y se reducirá a una serie de levantamientos populares sin trascendencia.<br /><br />Carlos, Conde de Molina, fallece el 10 de marzo de 1855 en la ciudad de Trieste (Actual Italia) que en aquel entonces estaba gobernada por el Imperio Austro-Húngaro y la dinastía Habsburgo.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-25910943911378757582011-04-20T13:48:00.000-07:002011-04-20T14:23:52.115-07:00Carlismo I: Antecedentes e Inicio<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_New_Spain.svg/300px-Flag_of_New_Spain.svg.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 200px;" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_New_Spain.svg/300px-Flag_of_New_Spain.svg.png" border="0" alt="" /></a><br />La bandera del Carlismo: La cruz de Borgoña.<br /><br />Una de las características más importantes que conforman la estética de cualquier monarquía, es la de sus procesos, leyes y tradiciones de sucesión, es por ello que en lo personal la Francesa, es la monarquía que me parece de mayor belleza por haber conservado las mismas leyes de sucesión intactas ya por más de mil años.<br /><br />En el caso de España, las tradiciones de sucesión son mucho menos claras y han transmutado en más de una ocasión, originalmente en tiempos de los Trastámara, se habla de una ley de partidas, en la cual sucede al trono el hijo mayor varón del monarca reinante, y en ausencia de hijos varones, el trono se sucedía por aquellas hijas del monarca, en total ausencia de descendencia legítima del monarca reinante, entonces el trono pasaba al siguiente hijo mayor del rey anterior, o en su defecto de sus hijas (Si las hubiese), en ausencia de descendencia legítima del rey anterior, se procedía entonces a buscar descendencia mayor masculina del rey antepasado, y en su ausencia de descendientes femeninas en principio estricto de primogenitura, la lógica se repetía en las generaciones anteriores cuantas veces fuera necesario.<br /><br />Sin embargo esta lógica no tuvo que aplicarse en ninguna ocasión durante el reinado de los Austrias (1516-1700), los cuales se suceden en cinco generaciones de padre a hijo, aunque cabe resaltar que dicha sucesión enfrento muchas complicaciones debido a la alta mortandad infantil que sufrieron los dinastas Habsburgo de España, la cual incremento con el paso de las generaciones debido a la creciente práctica del matrimonio endogámico, y los varios casos de uniones entre tíos y sobrinas, una abominación para nuestros ojos contemporáneos, pero una práctica muy común en esa época.<br /><br />Así tenemos que el trono pasa de Carlos I a su hijo mayor, Felipe II, y de este a Felipe III, de éste último el trono es sucedido por Felipe IV, y finalmente éste tras perder a varios herederos masculinos, deja el trono en manos de Carlos II, el cual sin embargo estará tremendamente incapacitado tanto física como mentalmente, y será incapaz de procrear descendencia, dejando la sucesión abierta a discusión.<br />Se puede apreciar que la sucesión era asunto dinástico, y así los testamentos y voluntad de Felipe IV y Carlos II se interfieren y se contradicen, situación que sería impensable en Francia donde el orden de sucesión es intocable, así cuando Luis XIV trato de agregar a la misma a sus hijos ilegítimos hubo gran descontento y el cambio se abolió tan pronto falleció citado soberano, en España al parecer el asunto de la sucesión pertenecía a la prorroga real.<br /><br />Aunque Felipe IV deseaba que la sucesión pasara a los Habsburgo austriacos (descendientes por múltiples líneas femeninas de los reyes Habsburgo de España), Carlos II decidió apegarse a la tradicional Ley de Partidas, y entonces el trono debía de recaer en la hija mayor del rey anterior, la cual era María Teresa, Reina de Francia, la cual para entonces ya había fallecido.<br /><br />María Teresa había tenido un solo hijo, Luis, el Gran Delfín, con su esposo el Rey Sol, Luis XIV, a su vez el Gran Delfín tenía tres vástagos varones: Luis, Duque de Borgoña, Felipe, Duque de Anjou y Carlos, Duque de Berry, debido a que tanto Luis, el Gran Delfín, como Luis, Duque de Borgoña estaban en la línea directa para suceder al trono francés y no queriendo una unión entre las coronas hispana y gala, Carlos II designa a Felipe, Duque de Anjou como su sucesor.<br /><br />Así en 1700 a la muerte de Carlos II, el trono pasa al duque de Anjou, un Borbón, quien se convierte en Felipe V de España fundando una nueva dinastía y una nueva era para los reinos ibéricos (Excepto Portugal), su ascenso fue sin embargo debatido y desencadena la Guerra de Sucesión Española, la cual gana y se consolida en el poder.<br />Una de las primeras “Reformas Borbónicas” es la de la importación de la Ley Sálica francesa, adaptándola al trono español y determinando que las mujeres no pueden ascender al trono a menos de que la línea masculina de Felipe V se vea agotada, situación que no ocurrió y que hasta el momento sigue sin ocurrir, al menos 76 vástagos de la línea masculina legítima de Felipe V sobreviven hoy.<br /><br />Generalmente se acepta que durante el reinado de Carlos IV (1788-1808) la ley sálica fue secretamente abolida, y al ascender al trono Fernando VII en 1813, una vez expulsado el usurpador José Bonaparte, se vuelve a encender polémica sobre la sucesión, debido a los sucesivos matrimonios del retrograda monarca y la ausencia de descendencia.<br /><br />Finalmente en su último matrimonio, Fernando VII procrea con María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias, dos hijas: Isabel y Luisa Fernanda, buscando perpetuar en su propia línea el trono, Fernando VII publica la pragmática de sucesión que permite el ascenso al trono de dinastas femeninas, aún en la existencia de cadetes de la sangre real en línea masculina.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglmu3eWvisQkiXf5kdgsPC8WGH9kOQm7lJSUT6patGs-bD-gmo9Amwz4mNApaez0_cPH6Y4lUvz-SJT2wTc1maS-94gq8YkU2w8NZFswQHYFiCqVtFo_Xss6pIrKX7EYCNfxyjcZhCrRvl/s1600/414px-Carlos_Mar%25C3%25ADa_Isidro_de_Borb%25C3%25B3n.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 414px; height: 600px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglmu3eWvisQkiXf5kdgsPC8WGH9kOQm7lJSUT6patGs-bD-gmo9Amwz4mNApaez0_cPH6Y4lUvz-SJT2wTc1maS-94gq8YkU2w8NZFswQHYFiCqVtFo_Xss6pIrKX7EYCNfxyjcZhCrRvl/s1600/414px-Carlos_Mar%25C3%25ADa_Isidro_de_Borb%25C3%25B3n.png" border="0" alt="" /></a><br />Carlos, Conde de Molina: Fundador del movimiento Carlista<br /><br />Ésta decisión desplaza al hasta entonces heredero presunto, Carlos, Conde de Molina, hermano de Fernando VII, de la línea de sucesión, asunto que no es bien visto por la elite conservadora de España y por el propio Carlos. A la muerte de Fernando VII en 1833, hereda el trono su hija mayor, quien toma el nombre de Isabel II de España, su tío sin embargo la desconoce y se proclama como Carlos V de España (No sea confundido con Carlos I, quien también era el V de su nombre, en su capacidad como emperador del Sacro Imperio).<br /><br />El desconocimiento de Isabel II, y la proclamación de Carlos V como legítimo rey de España, establece el surgimiento del movimiento Carlista, llamado así por obvias razones en reconocimiento del Conde de Molina, pronto el movimiento se distinguirá no solo por defender una sucesión alterna, sino por contener en su ideario, una serie de principios e ideales que se asocian con una monarquía más tradicionalista, en contraste con el liberalismo de la línea isabelina.<br />Con ésta entrada se da breve y somera explicación a las condiciones que dieron paso al nacimiento del movimiento Carlista en España.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-10959652095845382662011-04-20T01:02:00.000-07:002011-04-20T01:04:58.447-07:00Muy pronto...A sugerencia de uno de nuestros lectores, se hablará del Carlismo en España, y en menor medida del Miguelismo, el cual es mucho más breve y se abordará en una sola entrada, ya que éste movimiento se ha fusionado con la principal y en manos de su pretendiente recae el único reclamo mayoritario al trono de Portugal.<br /><br />He decidido cambiar el lenguaje del blog al español por ser mi lengua materna y porque he apreciado que la mayoría de los lectores son del mundo Hispánico. Esto también en búsqueda de una mejor redacción, sin errores de síntaxis y conjugación.<br /><br />Es importante recalcar que éste blog no ha muerto, y su autor sigue buscando el reconocimiento a nivel internacional del movimiento monárquico, el cual seguirá vivo a perpetuidad, por tratarse de la causa más noble.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-48055820724287033692010-06-05T19:17:00.000-07:002010-06-05T19:24:46.395-07:00We have a Dauphin!<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibbrB79rm5C3vSxiaZjJAf6UbTCv9cHMkSfds0s83aPi6ZrmPVojzXQYQc9O_86gdCM-b1YBZKib12OYMK9DKn3DOJpB2nONTGR3VvvOmsxzW-KMEKsd911Wt-vAnem7zVbDbMVLx-FMg/s1600/coronadefrancia.png"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 251px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibbrB79rm5C3vSxiaZjJAf6UbTCv9cHMkSfds0s83aPi6ZrmPVojzXQYQc9O_86gdCM-b1YBZKib12OYMK9DKn3DOJpB2nONTGR3VvvOmsxzW-KMEKsd911Wt-vAnem7zVbDbMVLx-FMg/s320/coronadefrancia.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5479480953770437666" /></a><br /><br />Let's all share the legitimist joy of having a new dauphin for our beloved French throne.<br /><br />On may 28th H.M. The Queen Margarita gave birth to male twins, the new sons of France, Monsieur Louis, Fils de France, Duke of Burgundy (De jure Dauphin of France)and his younger brother Monsieur Alphone, Fils de France, Duke of Berry. With great joy and excitment all the legitimist community welcomes this princes that inaugurate a whole new generation of male scions of the main line of the Royal House of France.<br /><br />Now for the very first time since the 80's, the main line is assured and the succession will be with God's help smooth and clean passing from our current king His Majesty Louis XX to his son Monsieur Louis who one day will reign de jure as H.M. Louis XXI of France, in accordance to the century in which he was born and most likely will reign (21st century).<br /><br />Now that Louis XX has male issue, we have even more hopes that the French people will now day once again understand the greatness and beauty of the monarchy and it might be restored with God's help.<br /><br />Long live Louis XX<br />Long live the Dauphin<br />Long live the Duke of Berry<br /><br />May God give them lives full of joy and future issue of their own to continue the Royal line of France.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-20357692734815308092009-11-24T14:22:00.000-08:002009-11-24T14:25:10.191-08:00Congratulations Louis XXDear and fellow monarchists, Its a great joy for me to let you know that our King Louis XX has just announced that his wife the Queen Margarita is pregned and expecting a second child!!<br /><br />Now more than ever is time to pray God for a male heir to the throne of France, so that the main line of the Bourbons is ensured in order to continue the legitimist claim.<br /><br />Congratulations Your Majesty!!!!Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-4288142654258926102009-10-11T23:58:00.000-07:002009-10-12T00:18:37.335-07:00Rational explanation for the Salic Law in France<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRm7y97-0TP6LK1SrW36rZyLowjtrJ0y5elK0MidLtdPFRkVOcFsRpZKQ-GcZ7V-M2DD5c-ODLwxzUUABrHsdUbOreXdC3tEkdH5fGzvfb5yiQ1KUmHnMIgiobJxA-4YF_dkmtWtLEmls/s1600-h/do%C3%B1a+eugenia.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 208px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRm7y97-0TP6LK1SrW36rZyLowjtrJ0y5elK0MidLtdPFRkVOcFsRpZKQ-GcZ7V-M2DD5c-ODLwxzUUABrHsdUbOreXdC3tEkdH5fGzvfb5yiQ1KUmHnMIgiobJxA-4YF_dkmtWtLEmls/s320/do%C3%B1a+eugenia.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5391609101360019570" /></a><br /><em>Coat of Arms of Princess Eugenia of France, currently the only daughter of our King Louis XX, we shall remember that even she is a daughter of France, she is unable to succeed, and that all the Royalists shall pray for a male heir to Louis XX</em><br /><br />We currently live in an egalitarian world, were both sexes have the same rights and obligations, this has affected the lines of succession of several Western countries, which I certainly consider to be a big failure and a potential step before the total abolition of most of the Western thrones.<br /><br />I totally embrace the feminist views of equality between males and females, however when we talk about a succession to the throne, the things are really different, the Western European tradition is patrinileal and it most be kept that way and not changed through artificial means, this is not against females, many societies arround the world, mostly in Africa were matrilineal, and im sure no one is there trying to change it to be patrilineal just by a decree.<br /><br />We shall just explore how the lastnames are passed from generation to generation, most Western countries have a really clear naming rules, and the lastname from the father comes first before that of the mother, it is just a cultural feature and not a way of discrimmination.<br /><br />In France specially the application of the Salic Law (Only male sions of the royal blood could succeed and pass the rights to the throne) has a historical and totally rational explanation, indeed France owes its existence and integrality to the pure and rigid application of the Salic Law.<br /><br />The Salic Law was applied in order to keep the throne in the hands of French princes of the royal blood, otherwise the throne should have passed in 1328 (Date of the extinction of the main line of the House of Capet) to the son of Isabella of France (Sister of king Charles IV, the last of his House), the king Edward III of England would have succeeded and most likely France would have become a vasal of England, losing eventually its autonomy, culture and nationality.<br /><br />The Salic Law is totally rational and it saves France of being inherited by a foreign monarch or prince, instead if Salic Law is applicated it is ensured that the throne will be kept by the royal blood line of Hugh Capet founder of its House and of the Modern France.<br /><br />Nowadays the application of Salic Law is most important than ever, if we consider that most princes are getting married to commoners and the thrones will be eventually inherited by lines of non-royal blood, for example the case of Sweden were the Crown Princess Victoria is engaged to a commoner, their issue will not belong to the House of Bernadotte (Even if the law is changed, according to genealogists and pure royalists the House of Bernadotte will stop reigning after Victoria dies), this is most critical if we consider that the current king has a male heir that was displaced of his rights by a decree of the elected authorities.<br /><br />Royalists shall always embrace the principle of male-preference inheritance in the Succession of the Western thrones, and always keep in mind that the Salic Law of France is a principle of big importance that shall not be changed, we have also to pray to God, so that Louis XX may have a male heir soon.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-38455007831270383122009-04-18T08:59:00.001-07:002009-04-18T10:15:47.041-07:00The Bourbon succession in France<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT-UcZdRGpsYYruBOz8vpSlaWG_tqQkhSY8ffzerryIZ6KxLk28XeDH_t_DGZbc49NxTv_Qi0SM3YApfoMHtWgfL_pTFGEPLst2xHzbA2nPezZTcTfMa7lHUJN4IP2QNoditlS2zUq4XQ/s1600-h/Royal+arms+of+france.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT-UcZdRGpsYYruBOz8vpSlaWG_tqQkhSY8ffzerryIZ6KxLk28XeDH_t_DGZbc49NxTv_Qi0SM3YApfoMHtWgfL_pTFGEPLst2xHzbA2nPezZTcTfMa7lHUJN4IP2QNoditlS2zUq4XQ/s320/Royal+arms+of+france.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326078783530237874" /></a><br /><br />The only legitimate extant line of Capetian descent is the House of Bourbon, whose main cadet line is that of the now differencied House of Orleans. Must of the people in the Western Hemisphere has heard at least once about this powerful royal family, however few of them know why they came to power and from who do they descend.<br /><br />The true is that France (Their country of origin) has been ruled by the Capetian family since 987 (And since 1848 only de jure), a House whose lay of succession was under the principle of Agnatism, that means that only male line descendants of Hugh Capet (The founder of the House) could acceed to the throne.<br /><br />Under this principle France was saved from being inherited by an english monarch (Edward III of England), and was able to continue being not only one of the most powerful countries of Europe, but also as a sovereign center of culture, arts, science and monarchist society.<br /><br />Indeed the french court was for centuries the most wonderfull of all european ones, being a model to follow, founding its peak of influence and grandeur under the reign of the third Bourbon king of France, the great Sun King, Louis XIV that ruled from 1643 to 1715, to date the longest ever reign of an european monarch.<br /><br />The Bourbon dynasty ruled from 1589 to 1792, and again from 1814 to 1830, with its cadet branch of Orleans usurping the power from 1830 to 1848, after that date there has no been a Capetian ruler of France since then, however the family is extant and waiting for their throne to be restored eventually (I hope so).<br /><br />Let's explore a little bit of history and reveal how the Bourbons came to the throne. Louis IX (reigned 1226-1270) the ninth monarch of the Main line of the Capetian dynasty, had six sons, the youngest Robert was created Count of Clermont, with no hope of ever inheriting the throne, his elder brother Philip III succeeded Louis IX.<br /><br />However for 1328 with the death of Charles IV without male issue, the Main line of the Capetian family became extinct, the succession ruled by Salic Law meant that the next monarch was the next most senior capetian, who was Philip, Count of Valois, grandson in the male line of Philip III of France, with his arrival to the throne, the House of Valois began its rule in France (However notice that even they took a different family name, they were still Capetians).<br /><br />The main line of the Valois became extinct in 1498 with the death of Charles VII, at wich time the line passed to the branch of the Valois-Orleans in the person of Louis XII, great grandson of Charles V of France, his death without any direct male issue in 1515, left the succession open to yet another branch of the House of Valois, this time in the person of Francis I, great-great grandson of Charles V.<br /><br />The new branch was known as Valois-Angouleme and it would be the last branch of the Valois to rule in France, it was a bad-lucked dynasty that ruled for less than a century, in 1589 with the death of Henry III of France (The last male line scion of the hole House of Valois), the succession was open again.<br /><br />Up to this time, all legitimate branches of the Capetian dynasty were extinct but two, the Bourbons and the Courtenays, and there was a little problem, the heir of the Bourbons was a protestant and the Courtenays were in poverty and weren't even recognized as princes of the royal blood anymore (They descent was very distant, only descending from Louis VI of France in the male line).<br /><br />Henry of Bourbon, already King of Navarre was by salic law the new king of France since 1589, however only after he converted to catholicism could really take control of his new and powerful realm, taking the name of Henry IV, the Bourbon era was born, and after the Courtenays became extinct in the male line in 1730, the House of Bourbon became the last branch of the Capetians, to the luck of all the monarchists the House could survive until nowadays with several branches.<br /><br />However the collateral lines to Henry IV of France are now extinct, the Bourbon-Conde, Bourbon-Conti and Bourbon-Montpensier lines became extinct eventually, thus all current capetians are descended in the male line from Henry IV, other important male lines also became extinct with the pass of the centuries, for example the line of Louis XV and Louis XVI, the main line became extinct after the death of Henry V, Count of Chamboard in 1883, now the main line surviving is that descending from Philip V of Spain, grandson of Louis XIV. <br /><br />The House of Orleans is now the most junior, only descending in the male line from Louis XIII, if they were to descend to the french throne, all the next branches would have to become extinct before: The Bourbons-France (In the person of Louis XX), the Bourbon-Spain, the Bourbons-Seville, the Bourbons-Two Sicilies, the Bourbons-Parma and the Bourbons-Parma-Nassau.<br /><br />Now we are going to explore the genealogy of the Bourbons, Im going to share with you (My dear lectors) the line of descent from Hugh Capet to Louis XX our current Capetian heir.<br /><br /><a href="http://s194.photobucket.com/albums/z84/Lefairh/?action=view¤t=fromhughtolouis-1.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; "img src="http://i194.photobucket.com/albums/z84/Lefairh/fromhughtolouis-1.jpg" border="0" alt="Photobucket"></a>Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-51079119244718883242009-02-19T20:24:00.000-08:002009-02-19T21:34:52.702-08:00Jacobitism Part VI: Henry IX of England, Our Cardinal-King<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipjdraBg1UYeDFR8PIGJalOtgZSjL8Xcfr4F8uR98oUsvCbGTy3CjdgX4p1_Cggjd6FhIF6LXem02pl5a94EvPsUgUyF7UE9LlZhN9fh4kl0BlKAa1waq7iE5o9cN_Er_bJ59e_5T6FOs/s1600-h/henry+benedict+young.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 260px; height: 317px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipjdraBg1UYeDFR8PIGJalOtgZSjL8Xcfr4F8uR98oUsvCbGTy3CjdgX4p1_Cggjd6FhIF6LXem02pl5a94EvPsUgUyF7UE9LlZhN9fh4kl0BlKAa1waq7iE5o9cN_Er_bJ59e_5T6FOs/s320/henry+benedict+young.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5304742158531276402" /></a><br /><em>A child called Henry Benedict Stuart</em><br /><br />I've heard of just two cases when a Cardinal succeeded to a throne and became a Cardinal-King, the first case is undisputed, and is that of Henry of Portugal that succeeded at the death of his childless nephew, Sebastian. The second case is however disputed, and is the case that we are going to explore today, the case of Henry Benedict Cardinal Stuart, that for the Jacobites was without any doubt king Henry IX and I of England and Scotland, suceeding his brother Charles III (That died without legitimate issue). Curiously enough both Cardinal-Kings were named Henry.<br /><br />In both cases the ruling dynasty became extinct in the male line, this led to the Habsburg succession in Portugal and in the second case it lead to the line passing to the House of Savoy, however this also meant that from this point the Jacobite claim became dormant (Or even abeyant), since then no single Jacobite heir has made any public claim to the English throne, leaving the Hanoverian succession uncontested.<br /><br />For all the past reasons, this will be the last entry on the series of Jacobitism, giving tribute and memory to the last of the Royal Stuarts, Henry Benedict Cardinal Stuart, known to Jacobites as His Majesty Henry IX and adressed as Cardinal-Duke of York at the Papal Court.<br /><br />Henry Benedict Maria Clement Thomas Francis Xavier Stuart was born in the middle of the exile at Rome, Papal States on 6 March 1725, he was baptized by the reigning pope Benedict XIII (His namesake). Born as the second and last son to the pretender James III of England and his wife, Klementyna Sobieska.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCUuCewAZHHSl1lW25ay6lG4J7XMgyaDyxwxN1B7UmDIkU97tTwEqdVKVdAIKoQeAEcnB5Mgp6o_tV6TNwtpYp0PEzkTCvnRNCekqs5cxLehEryDkteyXb9gb8fxbQXOnM5cWpvAWU69E/s1600-h/henry+benedict+in+his+youth.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 223px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCUuCewAZHHSl1lW25ay6lG4J7XMgyaDyxwxN1B7UmDIkU97tTwEqdVKVdAIKoQeAEcnB5Mgp6o_tV6TNwtpYp0PEzkTCvnRNCekqs5cxLehEryDkteyXb9gb8fxbQXOnM5cWpvAWU69E/s320/henry+benedict+in+his+youth.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5304741870666703138" /></a><br /><em>Henry Benedict Stuart in his youth</em><br /><br />He had an older brother, the Bonnie Prince Charlie, also known as Charles III of England, subject of study in the past entry. Being the youngest son he was not expected to succeed to the throne (Hoping that Charles would procreate his own legitimate issue), so from a very young age he was prepared to take a formation inside the Church, so he would become a priest.<br /><br />On his youth he was created Duke of York, the costumary title used for the second eldest son of the reigning monarch, however this title is not recognized by the mainstream royalist community at Great Britain, in fact at his birth the recognized Duke of York, was Prince Ernest Augustus (Brother of George I of Great Britain), and from 1760 to 1767 the title was now on hands of Prince Edward younger brother of George III of Great Britain. <br /><br />Only one special event related to Jacobitism can be counted in his biography, when he went to France along side his brother to prepare the Jacobite campaign of 1745, however as we have explained in the past entry, this campaign failed and he had to flee again to the Papal States, where he continued with his carrier inside the Church.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl3kAOMGGkN90l6h8-AAWoZRrQzWOxztFM4ROndWvihiBGO4VN9HUC4342O5C-_d9KNcXl4Lb26iZuKW2BStVYlRrWtppH74nr07OfI3WD4Uvt9kRpu0J2t9adlUFZKJtZQrv2yyjUqEw/s1600-h/Henry+duke+of+york.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 265px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl3kAOMGGkN90l6h8-AAWoZRrQzWOxztFM4ROndWvihiBGO4VN9HUC4342O5C-_d9KNcXl4Lb26iZuKW2BStVYlRrWtppH74nr07OfI3WD4Uvt9kRpu0J2t9adlUFZKJtZQrv2yyjUqEw/s320/Henry+duke+of+york.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5304742522310999682" /></a><br /><em>The Cardinal-Duke of York</em><br /><br />He was soon elevated to the College of Cardinals, when on 30 June 1747, another pope called Benedict, this time the 14th of that name, created him Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Portico, only two months later on August 27 he was eleveated to the four minor orders by the same pope. This showed how much respect and influence had the royal Cardinal at the papal court.<br /><br />Only one year later on September 1 1748, he was elevated to the degree of Cardinal-Bishop with his titular see still being at S. Maria in Portico, however this changed on 1752 when his see was "transferred" to S. XII Apostoli. During this times Henry few if not communication with his older brother, that was living abroard and was in bad terms with the Catholic church.<br /><br />On 1761 he was elevated to the position of Cardinal-Bishop with his see at Frascati, to where he move and lived for the rest of his life (Frascati was a suburb of Rome), Frascati was near enough to Rome so he could come everyday on his carriage, to work as the Palazzo della Cancilleria, to where he had right as Vice-Chancellor.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTrELvV-kCExitim0umNtuqBlwETr2ePSibjc1qa__5-wEiUlc1IO5woKTXn8wQ3AHZoCZVn7_e1PsVupPVRb8dtc6LHQmCcYPfKAWtarLv9PBjR3wvvcH6hUc3YzuDpuFcYO4sCJQPZ4/s1600-h/Henry+IX.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 250px; height: 299px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTrELvV-kCExitim0umNtuqBlwETr2ePSibjc1qa__5-wEiUlc1IO5woKTXn8wQ3AHZoCZVn7_e1PsVupPVRb8dtc6LHQmCcYPfKAWtarLv9PBjR3wvvcH6hUc3YzuDpuFcYO4sCJQPZ4/s320/Henry+IX.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5304743108570100258" /></a><br /><em>Henry Benedict Stuart in his later years</em><br /><br />When his father died on 1766 and his brother succeeded as the Jacobite claimant to the British thrones, he made anything on his hands to try to convince the reiging pope Clement XIII to give his recognition to Charles III, however that recognition never came, in fact from 1766 on the papacy recognized the Hanover monarchs as the legitimate heads of state of the British Islands.<br /><br />Even holding high offices at the church, now more difficult times were to come to our poor Cardinal-King, his last near relative (His brother Charles III) died on 1788, and even he became for Jacobites the king Henry IX, things were not going to change, and in fact he never made any militar effort to take his thrones.<br /><br />Another huge blow was coming to Henry's life, the French Revolution meant that the last French Royal benefices had come to an abrupt end, then the french revolutionaries confiscated his properties at Frascati. In the very worst moment of the church, he assisted Pope Pius VI with his last resources, this meant that Henry have now descended to virtual poverty.<br /><br />In the very last moments, the British minister at Venice arranged a treaty with George III of England, so he would pay an annuity of £4,000 to his rival in the throne, this was seen however only as an act of charity. Henry could then return to Frascati on 1803, and he was now created Dean of the College of Cardinals.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi955v4cPJ5dWQI1jRRkfdgxD7NcCZDPNWGq-tllZpiCWziE2hiuXuIueV8jbERxW481JBpKtEFh1TuZJLxpzNi8UlT3ZLIUMmJRr1NWvn3rzlY_SV7CFQYwFrMD0K_PYUG1aAu_LtAx3E/s1600-h/CH+EM.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 215px; height: 266px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi955v4cPJ5dWQI1jRRkfdgxD7NcCZDPNWGq-tllZpiCWziE2hiuXuIueV8jbERxW481JBpKtEFh1TuZJLxpzNi8UlT3ZLIUMmJRr1NWvn3rzlY_SV7CFQYwFrMD0K_PYUG1aAu_LtAx3E/s320/CH+EM.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5304747033325392770" /></a><br /><em>Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, Henry's successor</em><br /><br />He was created Bishop of Ostia and Velletri, but remained at Frascati where he died aged 82 on July 13 1807, three years after Pope Pius VII crowned Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor of the French. He was buried at St. Peter's Basilica. After his death the Jacobite claim passed to his nearest blood relative, Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, however he never made any advance of his new position as Jacobite heir. <br /><br />Henry's tenure as a cardinal has been one of the longest on papal history serving under five popes (Benedict XIV, Clement XIII, Clement XIV, Pius VI and Pius VII) and living through the tenure of three "legitimate" Dukes of York: Prince Ernest Augustus, Prince Edward and Prince Frederick.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsul1NirqIRYgLT_qlKaUHd5Ezl_rV-yybJQjzGHP1vZgeeNe0Oez-ydV1Oz8U3hWn0ROpBNpKQE6g2YR6xFhNPzk-PFpBmaRgXbNMHFv6MenM9kLRkIozZD3flw1GOFXE2WUUbRK6lk/s1600-h/Pio+VII.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 263px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsul1NirqIRYgLT_qlKaUHd5Ezl_rV-yybJQjzGHP1vZgeeNe0Oez-ydV1Oz8U3hWn0ROpBNpKQE6g2YR6xFhNPzk-PFpBmaRgXbNMHFv6MenM9kLRkIozZD3flw1GOFXE2WUUbRK6lk/s320/Pio+VII.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5304746211287828914" /></a><br /><em>Pius VII, the last pope Henry served</em><br /><br />It has been a pleasure to explore the beauty of Jacobitism in this six entries, now I will be talking about Succession Crisis in different thrones, beginning with the arrival to the French throne of Henry IV, and the inauguration of the so interesting and brilliant age of the House of Bourbon.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-1295969204450962182009-02-07T18:59:00.001-08:002009-02-07T20:10:56.190-08:00Jacobitism Part V: Charles III (Bonnie Prince Charlie)<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXO9W_6frsvnEY8CNhsBlX7EkLSjBa5BiAp4bD-WVhTv0IIqXKoV3uv8nm5FNBhlr1H8RF6_ms1fJS3pFeE_BDcSGBVTI5hEN9w490J4JxdVEzJqdaWcoggA0tErUugqoG97odR9CU_Ms/s1600-h/charles+edward+styart.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 125px; height: 237px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXO9W_6frsvnEY8CNhsBlX7EkLSjBa5BiAp4bD-WVhTv0IIqXKoV3uv8nm5FNBhlr1H8RF6_ms1fJS3pFeE_BDcSGBVTI5hEN9w490J4JxdVEzJqdaWcoggA0tErUugqoG97odR9CU_Ms/s320/charles+edward+styart.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300271300620073938" /></a><br /><em>Bonnie Prince Charlie in his youth</em><br /><br />One of the most romantic and interesting figures from Jacobitism, is the prince Charles Edward Stuart, known by his supporters as Charles III of England (From the death of his father James III at 1766), known by neutral people as "Bonnie Prince Charlie" for his tender and handsome looks, and known by his opponents simply as "The Young Pretender".<br /><br />Charles Edward Louis John Philip Casimir Sylvester Maria Stuart, was born in the exile at Rome on December 31, 1720 at the Palazzo Muti, being the eldest son of the reigning Jacobite king <strong>James III and VIII</strong> and his wife, Queen Clementina Sobieska.<br /><br />As heir apparent to the Jacobite throne, he was soon created Prince of Wales in his own right, and became the great hope for the Jacobites, believing that the dynasty was secured with the birth of a male heir, however future would prove that the handsome prince would fail to produce any legitimate issue.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBSC3Elt-2L0a0Jwc2K9cegNUX4y1W-JUxgviU5zVMaI6jBl3nyrkcshyphenhypheniwsWG5IAbyBk7ZiKC8dOMpe6wI-C7zPtq_HBMRuGIucEkUsXOVjexHiIeiiz2g-hk5WWAuU4YbCaRCJa1tD8/s1600-h/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_%25281729%2529.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 236px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBSC3Elt-2L0a0Jwc2K9cegNUX4y1W-JUxgviU5zVMaI6jBl3nyrkcshyphenhypheniwsWG5IAbyBk7ZiKC8dOMpe6wI-C7zPtq_HBMRuGIucEkUsXOVjexHiIeiiz2g-hk5WWAuU4YbCaRCJa1tD8/s320/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_%25281729%2529.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300271721180035522" /></a><br /><em>Charles Edward Stuart on 1729</em><br /><br />At the age of five, his only brother was born, christened as Henry Benedict Stuart (Subject to our next entry), they grew together spending their childhood at Rome and Bologne, largerly appart from their mother Clementina who was stranged from their father for most of their lives.<br /><br />Clementina died on 1735 when Charles was still a minor, with just fourteen years, his brother Henry Benedict was barely nine years old. Most of the youth of Charles was peaceful living in the Papal court and recognized as one of the most handsome princes from his age, ironically his father failed to get a good match for his son.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgViJ4kPwlsaT9FQYaW1-sS9Nz8hVtfsoU-1-uHHoRaKpgEknx8VASJgJ4ivcwdTX6DgVYDppMlK39ZXt4LZnTtIrPIQUl2DxLKrz6gKjdxdfsyLlY8wnLhm_9kiqcwUElUC59xf7bo08/s1600-h/Charles+III.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 223px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgViJ4kPwlsaT9FQYaW1-sS9Nz8hVtfsoU-1-uHHoRaKpgEknx8VASJgJ4ivcwdTX6DgVYDppMlK39ZXt4LZnTtIrPIQUl2DxLKrz6gKjdxdfsyLlY8wnLhm_9kiqcwUElUC59xf7bo08/s320/Charles+III.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300272159121921202" /></a><br /><em>Charles III in his best years</em><br /><br />At Great Britain, Charles was seen as a major threat to his Hanoverian counterparts, because of his youth and handsome looks, Charles attracted romantic publics specialy from the higlands of Scotland, he was soon nicknamed "Bonnie Prince Charlie", this "AKA" was special since his princely status was then recognized by the masses.<br /><br />His father recognizing the popularity of his son, decided to name him "Prince Regent" in december 1743, this giving him the Royal assent to act in the name of the reigning James III, from then on, Charles was the factual leader of the Jacobite cause, as would be demosntrated two years later.<br /><br />On 1745, Charles launched a full invassion to the British Island, in a last effort to recover the thrones for his father, he issued a manifesto claiming for the supports of his fellow subjects in order "to restore the holy throne to the legitimate cause of the Royal Stuarts".<br /><br />He found much support at the Highlands of Scotland, however the support was not universal, and even he made very important victories, like that in the Battle of Prestonpans, and later that in Falkirk, his expedition reached as far south as Derby, however he was finally defeated and had to retreat to the highlands.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5c3ra8-_k2uRiGFYl7BDshoN_BgxERvI523744XQ2WhM6g5NafppJFg12rBEjKFmKl1pn36hs-21RvqioRtjufns4jDAuE5InOs1XLIEkfQiXOugL42Xo-moRHXVKKjDo1nDF4u857Cs/s1600-h/Bonnie+Prince+Charlie.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 312px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5c3ra8-_k2uRiGFYl7BDshoN_BgxERvI523744XQ2WhM6g5NafppJFg12rBEjKFmKl1pn36hs-21RvqioRtjufns4jDAuE5InOs1XLIEkfQiXOugL42Xo-moRHXVKKjDo1nDF4u857Cs/s320/Bonnie+Prince+Charlie.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300270567694034178" /></a><br /><em>Statue of Charles III at Derby, the southernmost place he visited on 1745</em><br /><br />Charles wandered for about six months in the Highlands until he finally decided to left to Scotland on September 20, feeling totally dissapointed and defeated, after this point the Jacobitism was hopeless, and no other single militar intervention would be made in order to try to restore the line of the Royal Stuarts.<br /><br />The next years, Charles resided at France where he found many loves and adventures, one affair with a cousin Marie-Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne who was married to the duc de Montbazon, resulted in the birth of an illegitime son: prince Charles de Rohan, however he died at five months, had he lived he would still be barred to the succession being a royal bastard.<br /><br />On June 16, 1748 the final fate of the Jacobitism was signed, when France oficially recognized the Hanoverian claim to the british thrones through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles was then barred from entering France, and he would wonder arround the European continet in the following years, eventualy establishing at the duchy of Lorreine and finally to the Low Countries.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisYuC2dRO7fzxwfPCiyjvD6c5bkMHEX7UznBSBxo_ZmiSAN5j-UAlbnMZG0UDILmpu3qPFfI078gQzOZ6QgrN56eu5ym_I_kQpKPpRFlAYXQpqRu_kcQX2i8q1QUEnJit-cqp7ioCwJyw/s1600-h/Charles_Edward_Stuart_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_20948.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 277px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisYuC2dRO7fzxwfPCiyjvD6c5bkMHEX7UznBSBxo_ZmiSAN5j-UAlbnMZG0UDILmpu3qPFfI078gQzOZ6QgrN56eu5ym_I_kQpKPpRFlAYXQpqRu_kcQX2i8q1QUEnJit-cqp7ioCwJyw/s320/Charles_Edward_Stuart_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_20948.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300272656407334818" /></a><br /><em>Charles III in his older years</em><br /><br />At Liege he renewed a past relationship with Clementina Walkinshaw, who gave him another illegitimate child, this time a daughter who was baptized as Charlotte. During this times he became very anti-catholic, this because of his anger against the Pope and France who have turned down any hope to help the Jacobite cause. It is even pressumed that Charles oficialy became a member of the Church of England in a desperate last try to recover his throne.<br /><br />However at the end when his father died in 1766 he decided to return to Rome, took up residence at the Palazzo Muti, however the Papal courts decided to not give their recognition to Charles III instead choosing to finally accept the Hanoverian succession at the British Islands.<br /><br />Even his brother (Now a Cardinal) tried to gain the papal favor, all negotiations failed. Now Charles was old and tyred, and still without a heir to be succeeded, then on 1772 he was married to a very obscure princess from a ducal line, Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, daughter of Prince Gustavus Adolphus of Stolberg-Gedern and of his wife, Princess Elizabeth of Hornes.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyzo3PzJ033zTWQu7OH53EA0VAzOjVdV4SbHEbcgyRYj7oNtSNXV1w1Qcl0MyFbOpOdGavUBoOUYU6yE3ep4s-_qjpOpqf4HYrgxxsHFfOpMvkZMSW2dEf6pHW7Ss8gN1OTJRgqKi4PhM/s1600-h/470px-Louise%252C_Countess_d%2527Albany.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 251px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyzo3PzJ033zTWQu7OH53EA0VAzOjVdV4SbHEbcgyRYj7oNtSNXV1w1Qcl0MyFbOpOdGavUBoOUYU6yE3ep4s-_qjpOpqf4HYrgxxsHFfOpMvkZMSW2dEf6pHW7Ss8gN1OTJRgqKi4PhM/s320/470px-Louise%252C_Countess_d%2527Albany.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300273983285220898" /></a><br /><em>Louise, Charles' wife</em><br /><br />The new coulpe was happy even Charles was thirty years senior to his new wife, however they failed to produce any issue, and thus the Jacobite succession was then left to the Cardinal-Duke of York, that for obvious reasons was also childless.<br /><br />Charles and Louise lived at Florence since July 1774, where Charles drunkness became more serious and Louise began to be courted by a series of young men. Eventualy Louise conduct was obviously adulterous, so he and Charles broke up on 1778 and she went to live to a convent two years later, the couple would never meet each other again.<br /><br />In 1783 Charles signed an act in order to legitimize his only surviving daughter, Charlotte, who was then styled as Duchess of Albany, however the legitimization did not gave her any right to the Jacobite succession, they moved to Rome on 1785. At this time Charles was virtually invalid and senile, however he became totally reconciled to his original Roman Catholic faith.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs6st7dCi55XETU2gYhgyeVqbqW-GNMxikicNemsySc4hv7fl0A1fVny7b3zMNh7KFWAIl7UGv1M_XqNhCybVguzOUoVEaq7hb3nfmaECk22a_wsh87foX0SeFYKXBQcHODkbzwwbpwHE/s1600-h/Charles+III+in+his+later+years.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 274px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs6st7dCi55XETU2gYhgyeVqbqW-GNMxikicNemsySc4hv7fl0A1fVny7b3zMNh7KFWAIl7UGv1M_XqNhCybVguzOUoVEaq7hb3nfmaECk22a_wsh87foX0SeFYKXBQcHODkbzwwbpwHE/s320/Charles+III+in+his+later+years.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300273291083956786" /></a><br /><em>Charles III of England in his later years</em><br /><br />Charles died in the Palazzo Muti, (the very same place where he was born), on January 30, 1788, his remains first were first laid to rest at the Cathedral of Frascati, but finally was sepulted along with his father and brother at the Crypt of the Saint Peter's Basillica. Charles was succeeded in all his rights, by his younger brother, Henry Benedict, Cardinal-Duke of York.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-35953458106422191692009-01-26T10:57:00.000-08:002009-01-26T11:33:01.914-08:00Jacobitism Part IV: Louisa Maria Teresa, Princess over the water<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVAmGywqLUz-YEwaMO4gnMrThOtX_jGygAYAvgpoMrXGkkxKTRfNp9hRPwS0LITJcOMo7-0AGVb7ROt7RAHP8sqA1RFaJE0dd5RsKgxETWt5ADFxmddzMNZ45eCcMHbiGLlDU2u5Bo8TQ/s1600-h/James+and+Louisa.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 288px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVAmGywqLUz-YEwaMO4gnMrThOtX_jGygAYAvgpoMrXGkkxKTRfNp9hRPwS0LITJcOMo7-0AGVb7ROt7RAHP8sqA1RFaJE0dd5RsKgxETWt5ADFxmddzMNZ45eCcMHbiGLlDU2u5Bo8TQ/s320/James+and+Louisa.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295685824018977074" /></a><br /><em>The young princess with his brother James III in an allegorical painting</em><br /><br />It is beautiful to dedicate a full entry to such a wonderful and beautiful princess, our well beloved Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart, for the jacobites, known as the princess over the water and also as the Princess Royal. Louisa Maria Teresa is well remembered and glorified by jacobites, as she was the only legitimate daughter (To survive infancy) of any Stuart jacobite pretender.<br /><br />Louisa Maria Teresa was born on 28 June 1692 at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, well after his father have been deposed as monarch of the British Islands in 1688. She was not the first baby girl to be born to James II and his second wife Mary of Modena, other three girls have been born earlier but died very young, Catherine Laura, Isabel and Charlotte Maria.<br /><br />Louisa Maria Theresa had two surviving elder half-sisters from his father's first marriage with Anne Hyde, this were Mary and Anne both of whom became queens after his father was deposed, being raised as protestants, Louisa Maria Teresa would never meet them, Mary II in fact died in 1694 when Louisa was barely two years old.<br /><br />At the time of her birth, James II invited many people to attend the birth (To prevent the controversy that happened some years before at James III's birth in which no relevant courtesans were present, and rumours started accusing James II of having the baby substituted, this of course was false), even Mary II was invited, however she did not attend.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic7CkBLRma2kxyeGQNOdqG_CeXkoiqm7eAAVSRmMh7RKigtj5SGwhIgZBBfg8rrX4otyD7igGTXHFsgceeVjKS_Zr-TFVJQqMFmHViZvRN8okzLMeZ4_M52bgFY_Ammg-dBvQnbu4yk78/s1600-h/Louisa_Maria_Stuart_by_Jean_Fran%25C3%25A7ois_de_Troy_JPG.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 259px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic7CkBLRma2kxyeGQNOdqG_CeXkoiqm7eAAVSRmMh7RKigtj5SGwhIgZBBfg8rrX4otyD7igGTXHFsgceeVjKS_Zr-TFVJQqMFmHViZvRN8okzLMeZ4_M52bgFY_Ammg-dBvQnbu4yk78/s320/Louisa_Maria_Stuart_by_Jean_Fran%25C3%25A7ois_de_Troy_JPG.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295687313407362338" /></a><br /><em>Louisa Maria Teresa during her childhood</em><br /><br />Louisa's whole life happened at the France of Louis XIV, living at the court and being treated oficially as an english princess in all of her right, her tutor was a Roman Catholic english priest, the father Constable, who taught her the royal latin, royal history and of course catholic religion, the princess was very intelligent and recognized as one of the most beautiful of her times.<br /><br />Soon the princess over the water became a companion and a true friend to her devastated mother Mary of Modena, when in 1701 his father died, his brother became for jacobites and the catholic monarchs, as James III of England, now Maria Louisa was sister to a monarch and as such was recognized as one of the highest ranking princesses at the Royal Court of France.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqmt6YCjY-S2fRb2TzO2KiYwyciJu8QZUxxo8kWkVeCRsL9P2U0lbvZet_7bZZZt0jxfej70cRQzCSkFjjJnixRSEkW3CHR2nIapiVEhWepy2rl2dV6GuYDDSzvMDA0sPZb0JLRdmXhFQ/s1600-h/450px-Princess_Louisa_Maria_Teresa_Stuart_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle_1704.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 240px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqmt6YCjY-S2fRb2TzO2KiYwyciJu8QZUxxo8kWkVeCRsL9P2U0lbvZet_7bZZZt0jxfej70cRQzCSkFjjJnixRSEkW3CHR2nIapiVEhWepy2rl2dV6GuYDDSzvMDA0sPZb0JLRdmXhFQ/s320/450px-Princess_Louisa_Maria_Teresa_Stuart_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle_1704.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295686832213392530" /></a><br /><em>The beautiful princess</em><br /><br />She was very popular at the court, and several candidates were presdenter for her to marry, the most likely were Charles, Duke of Berry (Grandson of Louis XIV in the male line) and the king Charles XII of Sweden, however none of this became real, to the first most likely because of Louisa Maria Teresa's uncomfortable position, and the second because Charles XII was protestant.<br /><br />Unfortunately the princess didn't live long enough to marry and have children of her own, in april 1712 both she and her brother fell ill with smallpox, she died, her brother survived. It was a huge shock for her mother Mary of Modena, who was devastated with the loss of her only daughter.<br /><br />The premature death of our dearest princess was a huge loss for the jacobite cause, she could have well created her own line of descendants that would eventually succeeded to the jacobite claim after the death of his grand-nephew Henry IX, Cardinal-Duke of York.<br /><br />In the next entry I would talk about, the very famous Bonnie Prince Charlie, the next in the Jacobite succession, who claimed the british thrones as Charles III, for her opponents he was known as the Young Pretender, after his father who was known as the Old Pretender.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-54701560783231675232008-12-25T22:56:00.000-08:002008-12-26T00:50:19.463-08:00Jacobitism Part III: James III of England "The old pretender"<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf_5Sws9xCQbdK3DmwenRac5gorLgIl4bzURcj8jqRTGG2NfIl8xaDsOu7dYMP_41A8hFVzZgtOVJ7T1plOGHiDw5f2L2M9Bxl7KaDo3QdpwraO8sLMbICRpZARrs1bY-dmTtU_CPEovw/s1600-h/James+III.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 247px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf_5Sws9xCQbdK3DmwenRac5gorLgIl4bzURcj8jqRTGG2NfIl8xaDsOu7dYMP_41A8hFVzZgtOVJ7T1plOGHiDw5f2L2M9Bxl7KaDo3QdpwraO8sLMbICRpZARrs1bY-dmTtU_CPEovw/s320/James+III.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284009236420368162" /></a><br /><em>James III, Jacobite pretender from 1701 to 1766. Have he really reigned, his reign (At 64 years) would be the longest in British History, surprassing the 63 years reign of Queen Victoria</em><br /><br />It is a pleasure to me to talk about such a great person as James III was, I'll try to be objective and be always the nearest to the reality as possible, but I can not occult that I really have an admiration for this romantic figure, the "King over the water" also known by its opponents as "The old pretender".<br /><br />James Francis Edward Stuart was born on 10 June 1688 to the reigning monarch James II of England and his second wife, the italian princess Mary of Modena .The birth took place at St. James Palace, the very same place were his father was born almost fifty five years before on 1633.<br /><br />Even James II had already two daughters born from his first marriage, both English and Scottish thrones were ruled by male-preference primogeniture on theirs succession systems, and thus the newly born became immediately the first on the line of succession to both thrones and as such Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Roteshay.<br /><br />The english people feared at that times that a popist plot was behind their current monarchs, a generalized anti-catholic sentiment was prevalent at the moment, vissible in so many cultural expressions such as the very frequent mocks to the Catholic hierarchy, including the reigning pope.<br /><br />With that huge problem behing the british thrones, the people simply was not willing to accept a Catholic Dynasty, the birth of James Francis Edward meant that the throne should continue in the catholic line of the Royal Stuarts, many peopke at the Parliament however meant that it was time to take action before the Catholic dynasty could establish itself.<br /><br />Soon rumors started to circulate among the masses, discrediting the birth of the young James, rumors included the false statement that in fact the actual baby had been born dead and it was soon replaced by another false baby, this rumor quickly grew since there were no relevant courtesans or nobles present at the birth.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9QMCzSwlyIw6rc4nbdRkrgMpplndFiLkU2QQQmselJ85pksDRb4pKIHwEAs7P3WDqT1oQIJloC4NEGpEqcqbZezAXKOEuIjvYyg2zCDWbmnpv0xZTl1bgO5yAEfZoHxkXzkeNXqyu_d0/s1600-h/Mary+of+modena.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 251px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9QMCzSwlyIw6rc4nbdRkrgMpplndFiLkU2QQQmselJ85pksDRb4pKIHwEAs7P3WDqT1oQIJloC4NEGpEqcqbZezAXKOEuIjvYyg2zCDWbmnpv0xZTl1bgO5yAEfZoHxkXzkeNXqyu_d0/s320/Mary+of+modena.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284017335255581954" /></a><br /><em>Mary of Modena, James' mother and Queen of England and Scotland</em><br /><br />Soon the situation became very unstable at England, a revolution was coming and the throne of James was more unsure than ever, on 10 December of the very same year of 1688, when the baby James was barely six months old, Mary of Modena his mother, took him with her to France in order to search for a better place, while his father James II tried without any succes to retain its moribund Crown.<br /><br />A few weeks later James II joined his wife and baby son, and in 1689 his eldest daughter was crowned (By the will of the parliament) as Queen Mary II of England in a co-reign with her husband William III of Orange, however many people (Including some major European powers) view this as a clear usurpation, believing that the Parliament had not the right to change the order of succession.<br /><br />James II always had the firm conviction that some day he would recover his throne, and continued to sign documents as the reigning monarch, as explored in the previous entry, the group that formed arround him in order to bring support, became known as Jacobitism and the young prince James was the focus of all the Jacobite interest, it was in fact the bright hope of a futute restoration, had James Francis Edward died before his father, for sure the Jacobitism would have become dead with it, however he lived long enough.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN4IFWO9cTzKHbz-FIlCH9fnqtd-ViCIjVSS_ivfoaLjVmleS7-JYD8ht99Dg-89nm9ufzpmu2IJVEtjDvtwTO2kb8x7biaPozJm4o-V1GvlizZNZ7R71igXrlAbIZx6F51oNVnQOAh4k/s1600-h/James+and+Louisa+Maria.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 243px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN4IFWO9cTzKHbz-FIlCH9fnqtd-ViCIjVSS_ivfoaLjVmleS7-JYD8ht99Dg-89nm9ufzpmu2IJVEtjDvtwTO2kb8x7biaPozJm4o-V1GvlizZNZ7R71igXrlAbIZx6F51oNVnQOAh4k/s320/James+and+Louisa+Maria.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284010959528736690" /></a><br /><em>James with his sister, Louisa Maria Theresa "The Princess over the water"</em><br /><br />At France, James was recognized as the true heir to the English and Scottish thrones, and threated as a <strong>Prince of Wales</strong>. On 1692 when James was four years old, a baby sister was born to his father and mother, the beautiful girl was called Louisa Maria (Later the name Theresa was added, and she is now known more commonly as Louisa Maria Theres Stuart) and would become a companion to the young prince, numerous portraits were made showing both princes.<br /><br />The prince grew then at the french court, with his parents and his only full-sister to survive infancy, who was styled as the "Princess Royal" or called by the jacobites as the "Princess over the water", during this times James began a very strict catholic education and learned both english and french.<br /><br />On 16 september 1701, his father James II died when he was just thirteen years old, he immediately proclaimed himselg with the support of Louis XIV and several other major catholic monarchs, as James III of England and VIII of Scotland refusing to recognize his half brother-in-law William III as a monarch, and after 1702 also refusing to recognize his half-sister Anne.<br /><br />After this the English Parliament oficially removed all of his British titles and accused him of High-Treason under the penalty of death, however all the Jacobite community (Including four catholic states) still addresed him as a Majesty and as the rightful King of both England and Scotland.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GhkJmc8YlrV-LbYzAoylkIHxWEd3j-5ReucDPTUJBc9dsTfaLmGt4mPBtHZNrFrWgLChGe5qctnrFbliMjLPZR9xedhNdeXk2nGjEpbs3JVVjutGXeLCE3cn8Om1JpDjBUqst_xxmqs/s1600-h/queen+anne.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 258px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GhkJmc8YlrV-LbYzAoylkIHxWEd3j-5ReucDPTUJBc9dsTfaLmGt4mPBtHZNrFrWgLChGe5qctnrFbliMjLPZR9xedhNdeXk2nGjEpbs3JVVjutGXeLCE3cn8Om1JpDjBUqst_xxmqs/s320/queen+anne.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284011677130494018" /></a><br /><em>Queen Anne, half-sister of James III and also his rival for the throne</em><br /><br />After James came to age, it was time to try to regain his lost throne, after a brief illness associated with measles, James tried to land at the Firth of Forth however he failed when a fleet led by Sir George Byng (Loyal to Queen Anne) forced the french ships (Supporting James) to retreat.<br /><br />It was just the beginning of a tragic series of events to lead to the total betrayal and lost of hope to the still young James III. France was in the middle of a continental war, the War of Spanish succession trying to ensure that Philip, Duke of Ajou (Grandson of Louis XIV in the male line, and thus a Bourbon) was accepted as the new king of Spain succeeding the now extinc line of the Spanish Habsburgs.<br /><br />On 1713 the peace came with the Treaty of Utretch in which England finally accepted Philip V as the king of Spain, however it cost among others things to France, that Louis XIV had to accept Anne as the true Queen of England, leaving James III without the so much needed recognition of the French Court.<br /><br />The tories, a parliamentarian group held restorationist views and even supported to a some degree James III, however it was obvious that he had to rennounce to his catholic faith in order to be accepted as British Monarch, however James III strong in his ideals refused to do so, even it meant that he lost any real hope to regain his throne.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDP8gdcazIxEaqH7GBLIRCQA30xogNIeJmLGstY6HWSx6S7FEKNXg8dmZd_yuSZ6MVWob1hzKFOB_rF4VKbmkNOpR_27whrDYfPiAj3JKxZDMwN93HIR5G5CICzImFWBTmIgH6UhKp6fY/s1600-h/George+of+GB.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 229px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDP8gdcazIxEaqH7GBLIRCQA30xogNIeJmLGstY6HWSx6S7FEKNXg8dmZd_yuSZ6MVWob1hzKFOB_rF4VKbmkNOpR_27whrDYfPiAj3JKxZDMwN93HIR5G5CICzImFWBTmIgH6UhKp6fY/s320/George+of+GB.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284012519372395874" /></a><br /><em>George of Hanover became in 1714 George I of Great Britain being the nearest protestant relative to the protestant Stuarts</em><br /><br />In 1714 Anne died, and with her the protestant branch of the Royal Stuart family, by the Act of Settlement the throne passed to a german prince, skipping not only James but a bunch of at least another forty nearest relatives that were considered unfit to rule over Great Britain because of their catholic faith.<br /><br />The german prince, elector of Hanover in his own right, became then George I of Great Britain (In 1707 the parliament merged the english and scottish kingdoms to create the new realm of Great Britain, however the jacobite heirs continued to style themselves kings of the separated realms of England and Scotland).<br /><br />On 1715 (Known as "The fifteen" by Jacobites)James III made his last effort to recover his crown, finally landing at Scotland, however he was very much dissapointed by the lack of support that he found, he had planned a coronation at Scone, but decided to retreat and left before being captured by the Hanoverian troops.<br /><br />He was not welcomed again at France, that very same year his patron and protector, Louis XIV, died and was succeded by his child great-grandson, Louis XV under the regency of Philip II, Duke of Orleans, which saw James as an embarrassment and did not let him to come back to Versailles.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigzHC8d3mIM2-jYf8n-eXgjZb_PXYvwmaglOMPSOiw9RGadyyx5fxq6GrkGY_2_QC6kos5eXHPUhtECzdbXtv7rOEWPTexq4Gc5VOEeq8AHSqTUjrsskVlD_wtwwAbSrB5yMOrHBQNA_w/s1600-h/Clemente+XI.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 205px; height: 249px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigzHC8d3mIM2-jYf8n-eXgjZb_PXYvwmaglOMPSOiw9RGadyyx5fxq6GrkGY_2_QC6kos5eXHPUhtECzdbXtv7rOEWPTexq4Gc5VOEeq8AHSqTUjrsskVlD_wtwwAbSrB5yMOrHBQNA_w/s320/Clemente+XI.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284013116402497346" /></a><br /><em>Pope Clement XI received the Jacobite court at Rome, where it stayed until its final days</em><br /><br />Affortunately for James, the reigning pope Clement XI offered James a pension and the palace of Mutti in Rome as his new ressidence, James immediately accepted the offer and established for the rest of his life at the Papal States, specialy at the eternal city of Rome.<br /><br />It was there that on 1719 James contracted marriage with the polish princess, Maria Clementina Sobieska,a granddaughter of the polish king John III Sobieski, trying to ensure the continuation of the Royal Stuart catholic line, one year later came the first child, that for the great pleasure of all the Jacobite community, resulted to be a babyboy, that was called Charles Edward, and would later become known as the <strong>Bonnie Prince Charlie</strong> and <strong>The young Pretender</strong> by its opponents (Of course a full entry would be dedicated to this beloved prince).<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWpfrgH5BVB7y6hQ5-vouMezjJXaWbMtEVG1u8pOyONkx5LdgreieBo2_Pv1UaUjBQKJvN8pVrd-74ercLCSA5o65VSZ6CRfh3fFv8xHoPFpP7JO81g4-G9qWXkJx3Yrq7aJOod0Iy7aA/s1600-h/maria+clementina.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 260px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWpfrgH5BVB7y6hQ5-vouMezjJXaWbMtEVG1u8pOyONkx5LdgreieBo2_Pv1UaUjBQKJvN8pVrd-74ercLCSA5o65VSZ6CRfh3fFv8xHoPFpP7JO81g4-G9qWXkJx3Yrq7aJOod0Iy7aA/s320/maria+clementina.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284013506896359234" /></a><br /><em>Maria Clementina Sobieska, Consort to James III and Queen of England and Scotland for Jacobites</em><br /><br />Five years later came the second and last son of the marriage, Henry Benedict Stuart, that would become cardinal and Jacobite King in it's own right, and that for the sadness of the general Jacobite communite was to be the very last member of the Royal Stuart family.<br /><br />The marriage of James and Clementina was a sorrowful one, totally unhappy and a big failure, Clementina accused James of adultery and soon after the birth of Henry Benedict, she decided to leave her husband and live at a local monastery, it would take two years before a reconciliation could came.<br /><br />Clementina was prone to depression and as a fervant catholic he spent much of her time praying, distanced of both her husband and children. She would die in 1735, at the very early age of 32 years, recognized as the true and legitime Queen of both England and Scotland, she was interred with full royal honours at the St Peter's Basilica at Rome.<br /><br />James would never marry again, and in fact he felt in a perpetual state of lethargy, spending all his time at his palace surrounded by his "Jacobite court in the exile" that was mantained by the pension payed by the Papal States. In fact in 1743 formaly retired from "polithics" when he oficially invested his eldest son, Charles, as the "Prince Regent" thus giving him full powers to act in his name.<br /><br />On 1745 (The famous Forty-Five) the young and handsome, Charles Edward, made the last serious effort to recover the British thrones for his father, even he came closer to success than his father's 1715 invassion, he eventualy failed and all the factual hopes for an eventual Jacobite restoration were effectively destroyed.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOc5Dp6RtFNO4B0ojPCCDHJ8U8_sF_FG6DZBBP4Q-w9CZCoj_fgPr8TIY-4W-Q_lKij_6zWXr8bR6EhQj2PfiCC_LK8RdAY8fvmAN4kPiVS9wh5YdJKbUu-P6D1gKb_7W_8uOXrcD4Mxg/s1600-h/Tomb+of+the+Stuarts.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 235px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOc5Dp6RtFNO4B0ojPCCDHJ8U8_sF_FG6DZBBP4Q-w9CZCoj_fgPr8TIY-4W-Q_lKij_6zWXr8bR6EhQj2PfiCC_LK8RdAY8fvmAN4kPiVS9wh5YdJKbUu-P6D1gKb_7W_8uOXrcD4Mxg/s320/Tomb+of+the+Stuarts.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284014540224308082" /></a><br /><em>Tomb of James III at St.Peter's Basilica, shared with his two sons and successors</em><br /><br />James would die on 1 January 1766, yes the very first day of the year 1766, he was buried at the St. Peter's Basilica as his wife. Thirteen days after his death, the papacy oficially decided to recognize the Hanoverian Dynasty as the true and legitime rulers of Great Britain.<br /><br />On the next entry I will talk about Louisa Maria Theresa, sister of James III, even little information is available, she well worths an entry, being an important Jacobite figure by her own right.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-91419192323212743032008-12-22T20:14:00.000-08:002008-12-22T22:27:21.946-08:00Jacobitism Part II: Life and reign of HM James II of England, VII of Scotland<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtOtQBR0N1-M7rrVNUF-9OpfOWkyiwRQtB7FCqEApj47bIiH3sE-138eiWgUOQNmKfC_h1wsqmI6pQqN72az_dMKogRHmm4aU1I-M9Rfhztu699SnubmrOqqzqnQ9SFRWcf0OTO-CFQyE/s1600-h/King_James_II.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 258px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtOtQBR0N1-M7rrVNUF-9OpfOWkyiwRQtB7FCqEApj47bIiH3sE-138eiWgUOQNmKfC_h1wsqmI6pQqN72az_dMKogRHmm4aU1I-M9Rfhztu699SnubmrOqqzqnQ9SFRWcf0OTO-CFQyE/s320/King_James_II.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282859918776729090" /></a><br /><em>James II as monarch</em><br /><br />James II is a very controversial figure in the British History, condemned by the vast majority of historians as a tyrant and as a shame for the British monarchy, however this is a falacy mainly because James is judged with modern values and parameteres, an objective and factual conclussion can be that he was like the majority of the continental monarchs, however the Absolutism never functioned in the British Islands.<br /><br />James was born at St. James palace in the city of London, England on 14 October, 1633 as the second eldest son of the reigning monarch of England and Scotland, Charles I Stuart, as that he was never expected to become king in his own right, however his position as second in the line of succession never changed up to the kingship of his eldest brother Charles II in 1660 when he became first in the line, a position that he kept during all of his brother reign.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSLxqIMpa00PFSRiHzA15CJHNFNHRerBH_IP2ujnMUM-5EOUwC_iE-qkBxOpXx3a9m2rbjZROpWSkBuOuJHSDAHkV5rxjTkcRKSyQBD8Wjzfrlit-IqthBnHc7f0z5JG9fbSdBi8g7A2c/s1600-h/Young+James+II.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 310px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSLxqIMpa00PFSRiHzA15CJHNFNHRerBH_IP2ujnMUM-5EOUwC_iE-qkBxOpXx3a9m2rbjZROpWSkBuOuJHSDAHkV5rxjTkcRKSyQBD8Wjzfrlit-IqthBnHc7f0z5JG9fbSdBi8g7A2c/s320/Young+James+II.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282861360470304690" /></a><br /><em>The young prince James with his father the king Charles I</em><br /><br />James was educated as was the costume of the time by tutors and raised as a Protestant even his mother was a Catholic, Henrietta Maria of France, a daughter of king Henry IV of France, the first Bourbon to reign in France (And himself a protestant that converted to Catholicism in order to ensure his position as french monarch).<br /><br />At the age of three James was named Lord High Admiral, even this was nominal, the position would one day become significant after the restoration of the monarchy. In 1642 Charles I his father named him a member of the Order of the Garter. In 1644, following the costume, Charles I elevated him to the title of <strong>Duke of York</strong> (Always the second eledest surviving son of a monarch receives this title, bar Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, and curiously enough the title has always merged back to the crown after only one generation).<br /><br />The situation was already a difficult one in England, as the English Civil War erupted after strong differences between his father the King and the Parliament. He had to live during this time at Oxford (A stronghold of the monarchy) however after it fell to the republican forces, the young James was virtualy imprisoned at the St. James Palace (Ironically enough), until he escaped in 1648 and went to La Hague, in the continental Europe.<br /><br />In 1649 his father was beheaded by the republicans, and the Commonwhealt was established with Oliver Cromwell as its leader, even Scotland and Ireland proclaimed Charles II (Eldest brother of our James) as the new monarch, he could not assure the Enligh throne and had to went to the exile at France, being supported by the regency at France (The young king Louis XIV was not in age yet).<br /><br />His years in the exile were troubled ones, as he served in the French Army during the revolts of the Fronde (A civil war in France among nobles, even Gaston, Duke of Orleans, uncle to the king Louis XIV, participated in the opposite side), however at some point his brother Charles made an alliance with the Habsburg Spain (Enemy to France), and had to leave France.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr7-0AfkhiM2mgQ_SUDQn2XRIc6TWZeulx_zwioXkwPOIGRFqOEn_juvyknITbYxho7io_vd1kGZgEXwjMqLLI5lZdtc8dJHVJCzN1X12aCtoRyrWUqeCc1S4Jg9kOCXvnIqhPjmjM1sM/s1600-h/luis+catorce.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 268px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr7-0AfkhiM2mgQ_SUDQn2XRIc6TWZeulx_zwioXkwPOIGRFqOEn_juvyknITbYxho7io_vd1kGZgEXwjMqLLI5lZdtc8dJHVJCzN1X12aCtoRyrWUqeCc1S4Jg9kOCXvnIqhPjmjM1sM/s320/luis+catorce.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282862105035301426" /></a><br /><em>Louis XIV was an important figure during a well part of James' life</em><br /><br />In the middle of the confussion he joined <strong>Louis, Prince of Conde</strong> at Bruges and fought against his own former allies at the French army. During his tenure at the Spanish side, he met with two irish catholic brothers, most historians agree that it was during this moments that he began to doubt about his Anglican faith, and the Catholic practices became attractive for him.<br /><br />Living for so many years in catholic countries meant the eventual conversion of James, but this was initially kept in secret in order to avoid scandal. In 1659 he was offered with a high office at the Spanish army, however he refused and the following year his brother could finaly regain his lost throne.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3l6L8OzXxLK-w-zeRv0J6SUu9mIyFuUyXTt-MiAukcXMl5qzVIMtljT0aNzRYD56mSlO5cA1yShv3zG-OGx32O0bRYSIZfBtlyMGFAuUkSLkCBPfhHRnTbxaiiqG9U3C_R3uRNGPoOog/s1600-h/charles+second.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 207px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3l6L8OzXxLK-w-zeRv0J6SUu9mIyFuUyXTt-MiAukcXMl5qzVIMtljT0aNzRYD56mSlO5cA1yShv3zG-OGx32O0bRYSIZfBtlyMGFAuUkSLkCBPfhHRnTbxaiiqG9U3C_R3uRNGPoOog/s320/charles+second.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282866839607403330" /></a><br /><em>Charles II as monarch</em><br /><br />Under the restoration, James made one of his first scandals at the court when he announced his engagement to Anne Hyde, a commoner, in those times it was difficult to wonder a royal prince marrying a commoner, however the morganatic marriage did not exist at those times in England (In fact Henry VIII married several commoners).<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHYr7bka6VJDMnBHzBxrWapBNcxOKzLZCNrejUXLBR0M3B7rP8GqOSAEBe3zvWUcdvu2tKBis4qi6mrGDMZFMx5-F6KzOFzbi63ypiF7dXtMQqJHrdYcNmcxDGEOaUgwmGY8TqIyDPNfc/s1600-h/James+and+Anne.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHYr7bka6VJDMnBHzBxrWapBNcxOKzLZCNrejUXLBR0M3B7rP8GqOSAEBe3zvWUcdvu2tKBis4qi6mrGDMZFMx5-F6KzOFzbi63ypiF7dXtMQqJHrdYcNmcxDGEOaUgwmGY8TqIyDPNfc/s320/James+and+Anne.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282863036289808674" /></a><br /><em>James with his first wife Anne Hyde</em><br /><br />The marriage lasted from 1660 to 1671 (When Anne died), and it produced at least five children, only two daughters would survive and were raised in the protestant faith according to the wishes of the reigning monarch Charles II, these two ladies would one day become queens regnants of the realms, as Mary II and Anne, the last of the Stuart dynasty to reign upon the British Islands.<br /><br />As a Lord High Admiral, the Duke of York commanded during the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch wars, and when the american colony of the New Netherlands was conquered from the Dutchs it was renamed as New York in honour of James, few people know that this controversial figure is the namesake for the mosty important city in the modern world.<br /><br />Growing fears and popular digust for Catholic things and people lead the parliament to pass an Act in 1673 that forced all civil and militar officials to take an oath in which they rennounced to catholic practices, James refused to do so, rennouncing thus to his office as Lord High Admiral, after this it was made public that James was a Roman Catholic.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtuhQHqjmTdnY2V7yeB4gaCKnJPQBBRcGOpYMMBsgZ3EpiMrpEV1WPlZaoW5ttBv5lx3I7xZ_nZjW-kfwJxE0CIM6em4f4dl7V0nRoH9rafbs2CMSoHf18Hs-VVVBEmm0tPEeH_e_spXQ/s1600-h/Mary_of_modena_lg.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 265px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtuhQHqjmTdnY2V7yeB4gaCKnJPQBBRcGOpYMMBsgZ3EpiMrpEV1WPlZaoW5ttBv5lx3I7xZ_nZjW-kfwJxE0CIM6em4f4dl7V0nRoH9rafbs2CMSoHf18Hs-VVVBEmm0tPEeH_e_spXQ/s320/Mary_of_modena_lg.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282865018080961058" /></a><br /><em>Mary of Modena, the second wife of James II, a roman catholic and an italian princess</em><br /><br />In 1673 James married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena, she was unpopular from the very first moment that he set foot in the Great Britain, many people believed that she was a covered agent of the pope. The Roman Catholicism was in fact very unpopular among the masses because of fear of a papist complot against the Anglican Church (This was of course not true).<br /><br />At those times it became evident that the queen Catherine (Consort to the king Charles II) would never become a mother, so at some point the throne would pass to the Catholic Duke of York and his unpopular wife. At the end of the 1670's the parliament tried to pass the <strong>Exclussion Bill</strong> that literaly excluded James and any son fro his second marriage of the line of succession. In response Charles II dissolved the parliament and did it two further times for the same reason.<br /><br />The Exclussion Bill proposed that at the death of the king Charles II, the throune should pass to his illegitime son, James, 1st Duke of Monmouth, that in fact would later claim the throne and revolt against the crowned king James II.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyO5hm0Fu3k_RVI7dvatxNle8Hlz_zo8smSRsuMSDzGMTJRjqZx7xj2QB9KdnkC_UL1YNCEvpYRFcUafHR6CXNsQrBvlX4QrxfGviSupFNOW3UAXSmsqRb2cjpbRSNu7c07oaSOXpjl5Q/s1600-h/Monmouth.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 257px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyO5hm0Fu3k_RVI7dvatxNle8Hlz_zo8smSRsuMSDzGMTJRjqZx7xj2QB9KdnkC_UL1YNCEvpYRFcUafHR6CXNsQrBvlX4QrxfGviSupFNOW3UAXSmsqRb2cjpbRSNu7c07oaSOXpjl5Q/s320/Monmouth.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282865960285952098" /></a><br /><em>James, 1st Duke of Monmouth, one of the greatest foes in James' life (And also his nephew)</em><br /><br />James was at a very unpopular point among the masses and had to leave firt to Brussels and then to Scotland when his brother appointed him Lord High Comissioner. Eventually he returned when it became clear that Charles II would die soon. His last moment of popularity came in 1683 when a republican plot that wanted to kill both the king and the Duke of York became uncovered, the public fell simpathy then to both the monarch and James.<br /><br />In 1685 Charles II died not before converting to Roman Catholicism at his deathbed, and the Duke of York became James II of England and VII of Scotland. At first it appeared that the transition was calmed and peaceful, even the Parliament showed favour to the new monarch, however soon James, 1st Duke of Monmouth revolted and declared himself as the true monarch.<br /><br />Even Monmouth was defeated and soon executed, the rebellion just marked the beginning of a troubled time, and a reign that would be ephimeral. James had very unpopular ideas, he believed in the divine right of the monarchs and had clear autocratic ideals, but this was in fact not uncommon in the Europe of the XVIIth century, Louis XIV was ruling in France, Leopold I was Holy Roman Emperor, the great tsar Peter I was wuling in Russia and the Habsburgs were becoming extinct at Spain with Charles II.<br /><br />The absolutism was a fashion in continental Europe, however the advanced and metropolitan minds of the english people could not accept this kind of government, prefering a more representative one, James II unfited with its people minds that were also fearful of the Roman Catholic faith while their monarch was trying to ensure religious liberty.<br /><br />In 1688 after James II installed reforms on religion that favored the Roman Catholicism, his final fate was signed and when his wife gave birth to a baby son, James Francis Edward, the english people became totally hostile to their king, they were not willing to accept a Catholic Dynasty ruling in the British Islands.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpi4sEsB_iAbQ5t2pa_QcXt0n2ySOAERGl-8dAJBRm33BD6rELYrxCzEF48WkjMqnPx_MZUmsDzb21BGOO9MBKd4_SIQVwjBfPQVxvDG1TCegjSR9HAM5XVV1uy4c4m7ZO7WdsoiwyJtg/s1600-h/william+and+mary.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 220px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpi4sEsB_iAbQ5t2pa_QcXt0n2ySOAERGl-8dAJBRm33BD6rELYrxCzEF48WkjMqnPx_MZUmsDzb21BGOO9MBKd4_SIQVwjBfPQVxvDG1TCegjSR9HAM5XVV1uy4c4m7ZO7WdsoiwyJtg/s320/william+and+mary.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282867533345176114" /></a><br /><em>William and Mary as co-sovereigns</em><br /><br />The nephew of the king and also son-in-law (As was married to the Princess Mary, future Mary II), William, Prince of Orange was ploting against the king and finaly made an invassion from the Orange realms, soon the royalist forces were defeated, and James II had to fleed the country without abdicating.<br /><br />This movement is now called the <strong>Glorious Revolution</strong>, and has a great impact on British History more for its aftermath, the Parliament passed the Bill of Rights that finaly limited the power of the monarch and gave the majority of the political control to the parliament itself, then they proclaimed William as co-monarch with his wife, Mary as William III and Mary II.<br /><br />James II exiled at France however obtained recognition and protection from Louis XIV, Spain, Modena and the Papal States also refused to recognize William and Mary as the true sovereigns of the British Islands. The support for the deposed king became known as Jacobitism, and found allies in the Catholic powers and a minority of the population in the British Islands, specialy at Ireland and Scotland.<br /><br />In fact Ireland refused at first to follow England and Scotland in their attempt to remove James II from the throne, so James II landed with French troops at Ireland in 1689 tryiing to regain his lost crown, however William III personaly went to defeat him, James II had to surrender and left, he would never set feet again in any of his lost realms.<br /><br />After this James lost most of the Irish support, because he left his allies to his own luck and was tagged as a coward. He then arrived defeated to France. In 1692 James' wife, Mary, gave birth to her last child, the princess Louisa Maria Theresa, to be later styled "Princess Royal", she would become a gentile and romantic figure, that well deserves her own entry in these series.<br /><br />In 1696 a plot in England was uncovered, it wanted to restore James II by murdering William III, however because of it's failure it only gave more unpopularity to the exiled king. Louis XIV helped so much his cousin and disgraced king, that he even found a new throne for him, he offered him to be crowned elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwhealt, however James refused believing that by accepting it, he would totaly relinquish his rights to the British realms.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxSWt0uYEvWlH56cqv1DIJ7Xk53hWPnagh8Pme1dcf58WXl29PzMqsQZBW0Pk0_W3ev1djPf_PuYV0dFl1DBYRli4PIowhsZeFC-j4lb6KG4QizYWRjBrLgVRoCf7i0qRye-H9Hh1ZEec/s1600-h/James+and+Louisa.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 288px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxSWt0uYEvWlH56cqv1DIJ7Xk53hWPnagh8Pme1dcf58WXl29PzMqsQZBW0Pk0_W3ev1djPf_PuYV0dFl1DBYRli4PIowhsZeFC-j4lb6KG4QizYWRjBrLgVRoCf7i0qRye-H9Hh1ZEec/s320/James+and+Louisa.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282868154551532482" /></a><br /><em>James Francis Edward and his sister the princess over the water, Louisa Maria Theresa</em><br /><br />In 1697 Louis XIV made peace with William III, and James II lost much of its favor and help. During his last years he lived impoverished at an austere palace, rounded by his family and a few supporters in a decadent and moribund court. James passed away on 16 September, 1701, he was succeeded in his Jacobite claims by his son that was proclaimed James III and VIII.<br /><br />We would discuss and explore the life of James III in the next entry, also the fate of the queen Mary of Modena, the lives of Mary II and her sister Anne, and the eventual Hanoverian succession to the British thrones.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-60416516888587496672008-12-21T11:19:00.000-08:002008-12-21T15:33:06.669-08:00The Jacobitism: Part 1 Historical Background<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYHEuLKwcnHdTJmZqJjrQVtu9olidxOHNNLlVxbKkgojVxt6tsU2DIzFN8Vj7o-uINVF35T-bFMje8eleJ69pLbgT7x1GbXM-SopEBNFz56Pmy3DBxKI4TwdcYrJM7zkQC8fYW5iDaWV4/s1600-h/James_II_of_England.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 221px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYHEuLKwcnHdTJmZqJjrQVtu9olidxOHNNLlVxbKkgojVxt6tsU2DIzFN8Vj7o-uINVF35T-bFMje8eleJ69pLbgT7x1GbXM-SopEBNFz56Pmy3DBxKI4TwdcYrJM7zkQC8fYW5iDaWV4/s320/James_II_of_England.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282336888088910114" /></a><br /><em>The king James II of England, rightful monarch for the Jacobites from 1685 to 1701, but deposed since 1688</em><br /><br />It is very difficult for a modern monarchist to establish an objective and prudent position in front to the Jacobitism, for that I will dedicate some entries to the Jacobitism, a royalist movement in the Great Britain of the late XVIIth century and a good part of the XVIIIth century.<br /><br />First of all let's define the term "Jacobitism" a world coined after the King James II/VII of England and Scotland, in latin his name is spelled JACOBUS and holds a relation to the spanish name JACOBO, thus the Jacobitism is the support for the deposed king James II.<br /><br /><strong>Historical Background</strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9d0ShIz22NomwLe_8COPkJI4hYfZ3TPRsVeK1LteQrVtfraKVsBvA-YI17Tkvt6pcGw-pZ6BJqOLhfF1X2cZ0lyo_i-nlrtAhow6vTci2IaQlzdyKp-P1_-fBMUlZK554AY0tLOOgjPw/s1600-h/royal+stuart+arms.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 290px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9d0ShIz22NomwLe_8COPkJI4hYfZ3TPRsVeK1LteQrVtfraKVsBvA-YI17Tkvt6pcGw-pZ6BJqOLhfF1X2cZ0lyo_i-nlrtAhow6vTci2IaQlzdyKp-P1_-fBMUlZK554AY0tLOOgjPw/s320/royal+stuart+arms.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282337845865349122" /></a><br /><em>Arms of the Stuarts from 1603 onwards</em><br /><br />In 1603 the celebrated Elizabethan age of England came to an end when the Virgin Queen Elizabeth I of England died, her dead without any direct heir meant that the throne should pass to the reigning king of the Scots, James VI a great-grandson of <em>Margaret Tudor</em> (Eldest daughter of Henry VII of England) this through both the paternal and maternal sides.<br /><br />So James was proclaimed James I of England, becoming the first monarch reigning in the hole island of Great Britain, in the so celebrated and remembered Union of the Crowns, that was in fact just a Personal Union (The official merging of the crowns came more than a century later in the Act of Union of 1707 creating the Kingdom of Great Britain).<br /><br />With the ascension of James I a new dynasty became the ruling House of England, the Royal Stuarts. This was going to be a troubled dynasty, specialy in matters of religion and parliamentary disputes, they had an undeniable tendency to autocracy and absolutism.<br /><br />James I believed in the divine right of the kings, and in fact his son ans succesor, Charles I of England was even more absolutist than his father, this cost him his throne and his head. In 1642 the English Civil war erupted because of the differences between the parliament and the monarch, the former wanted more power and the monarch was not willing to give up it's royal political influences.<br /><br />This resulted in the establishment of a kind or republic in the British Islands, in 1649 Charles I was beheaded and Oliver Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector, however this republican experience (For the luck of all of we the moanrchists) lasted for a little time, from 1649 to 1660 when Charles' eldest son was called to reign and the monarchy restablished, he reigned as Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland.<br /><br />Charles II was married to Catherine of Braganza a catholic princess, this caused digust among Charles II anglican subjects, however Catherine failed to produce any heir to the throne, this in clear contrast with the numerous illegitime sons that Charles II procreated with his many mistresses.<br /><br />Charles II died in 1685 leaving a direct succession to his brother the Duke of York, a catholic, that became James II and VII of England and Scotland. Most of his subjects didn't want a catholic to become monarch of the British Islands so he was unpopular during all of his reign, and when he showed clear signs of autocracy and absolutism, his fate was signed.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV3zmy3yZID5eRJFPhREgzJK2d9P5NkaOzlVDr2r99wqf3Mh8eWAzrThw5Z-M00ZVmH4SVF0WQm7iMrJCD91l0-IseEcxFcsXRQ2nAr4qYiGFJTud2JRbhE4pjySuycHRapORKJBAsHzw/s1600-h/James+III+younger.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 249px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV3zmy3yZID5eRJFPhREgzJK2d9P5NkaOzlVDr2r99wqf3Mh8eWAzrThw5Z-M00ZVmH4SVF0WQm7iMrJCD91l0-IseEcxFcsXRQ2nAr4qYiGFJTud2JRbhE4pjySuycHRapORKJBAsHzw/s320/James+III+younger.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282389201060311186" /></a><br /><em>James III, eldest son of the deposed king James II, also known as "The old Pretender"</em><br /><br />Going against the principles of the good relation between subjects and monarch, a revolution erupted in 1688, after the catholic wife of the king, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a male heir to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales in his own right.<br /><br />The now called glorious revolution of 1688 ended with the deposition and exile of the monarch and his family, except for his two protestant daughters born from his first marriage to Anne Hyde. The eldest became Mary II of England in a co-reign with her husband, William of Orange that became William III of England. The younger would succeeded in 1702 as Queen Anne.<br /><br />However a well amount of the population remained faithful to the deposed Royal Family (Specialy in Scotland), they were exiled to France were they received support from the sun king Louis XIV. Spain, France and Modena in fact refused to recognize the new line of monarchs until the Treaty of Utretch was signed in 1713.<br /><br />The movement that was born in suport for the deposed Stuarts became known as "Jacobitism" and it was going to survive as a political force for more than a century to come.<br /><br />The lack of fertility in the two protestant daughters of James II (Mary II died young and Anne gave birth to seventeen children all of whom died in infancy or were stillborn, William, Duke of Gloucester was the eldest to survive, living for barely eleven years) lead to the extinction of the protestant branch of the House of Stuart, the parliament had expected this since long before, when in 1701 the Act of Settlement was enacted, establishing that in the case of the extinction of the line of Anne, then the throne should pass to Sophia, Electress of Hanover, a grandaughter of king James I.<br /><br />So in 1714 when Anne died, the throne passed to the eldest surviving son of the Electress of Hanover (That died a few weeks before Anne), George of Hanover became George I of Great Britain, the first of the Hanover dynasty that reigned in Great Britain from 1714 to 1901. However the first monarchs of the Hanover Dynasty (Up to George III) had to deal with successive revolts supporting a restoration of the Royal Stuarts.<br /><br />Even today the catholics are excluded from the line of succession to the British throne, and the Act of Settlement is still in force, all the people in the line of succession is directly descended from Sophie, Electress of Hanover. Jacobitism is still active (But with very little support), even the male line of James II died out in 1807 with the death of Henry (IX) Stuart, the line went first to the Savoys, then to the Modena ducal family and up to the present to the Wittelsbachs of Bavaria in the person of Franz, Duke of Bavaria.<br /><br />We will explore the hole history of this romantic movement and try to establish a personal position that recognizes the right of the Stuarts to claim the throne, but also leave clear the fact that I do personally recognize the rule and reign of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her predecessors.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-7448692752048218102008-12-09T17:41:00.000-08:002008-12-10T08:44:24.878-08:00The future of the line of succession to the French Throne<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiEZD7vdeLprotYScDEBRYBUNtC3iTOpRyB8_mgRvxDCCB7PlmhuB9_NAcJ2rb9VG20s2xoRyap3APvUoiVUV1Vw3Jx6svyN5vahCWQpL49zgvPjGP8nZbX4Mbj6Dwqadc4B6Hq4vOgfw/s1600-h/royal+arms.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 202px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiEZD7vdeLprotYScDEBRYBUNtC3iTOpRyB8_mgRvxDCCB7PlmhuB9_NAcJ2rb9VG20s2xoRyap3APvUoiVUV1Vw3Jx6svyN5vahCWQpL49zgvPjGP8nZbX4Mbj6Dwqadc4B6Hq4vOgfw/s320/royal+arms.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5277976748269229010" /></a><br /><br />At the present we as legitimists, have a lot of luck and blessings from the heaven, not only the French Bourbon line is separated from the Spanish one (Ensuring the principle of separation of both the french and spanish thrones), but also we have a young and promising King, HMCM Louis XX of France.<br /><br />However not everything is that fine when we talk about the succession, up to this moment both main lines of the Bourbon family are lacking male heirs, in fact after our king, the next in the succession is Juan Carlos I of Spain who has always rejected the rights of Louis XX to be entitled "King of France".<br /><br />After Juan Carlos comes the Prince of Asturias whose wife Letizia, after two pregnancies still lacks a male heir. The situation is in fact very worrisome, because of the following factors:<br /><br />1.- If our kings fails to produce a male heir, the line will go to the Spanish one, and so the claim will become weaker as it will be must likely durmant. The spanish branch is even hostile to their rights to the French Throne.<br />2.- If both Louis XX and the future Philip VI of Spain fail to produce male heirs, the throne would pass to a minor line of the Bourbons, that of the Dukes of Seville descending from Charles IV of Spain through his grandson Enrique de Borbón (We ignore if they embrace the legitimist ideology.<br /><br />For that all the legitimist shall pray to our Lord Jesuschrist in order that the queen Margarita becomes pregned again and bear us the so desired Dauphin. It is a basic need for the legitimist cause to preserve and perpetuate the male line of our king Louis XX.<br /><br />With this entry I finish with the series surrounding the french succession, I've explained why the claim of Louis XX is the only valid, and why the Orleanism goes against the true ideals of monarchism. My next topic will be the Jacobitism, making however clear that I do respect and recognize HM Elizabeth II as the true and legitime Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwhealt Realms.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-82611583426693022192008-11-14T13:45:00.000-08:002008-11-14T14:22:43.006-08:00His Most Christian Majesty Louis XX Titular King of France<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgygn7sEOxfg1SEnonNjjmsknGDtfnvEx0p3vbXAn7Koa7dt9pXDCaXqNM_12yidxboJZyZyZstYX2HTo0BZg9v9RosqJCJzCE8N-QiOi14cJfbcBNXHwGJdc4tp4AgtPg9JCK5YW0fZ84/s1600-h/luis+twenty.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 274px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgygn7sEOxfg1SEnonNjjmsknGDtfnvEx0p3vbXAn7Koa7dt9pXDCaXqNM_12yidxboJZyZyZstYX2HTo0BZg9v9RosqJCJzCE8N-QiOi14cJfbcBNXHwGJdc4tp4AgtPg9JCK5YW0fZ84/s320/luis+twenty.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5268641892939314306" /></a><br /><br />As I have expressed in the past entries, for all rational and legal reasons, Louis of Bourbon, Duke of Anjou is the only rightful pretender to the French Throne, all other people claiming this throne are either usurpers or betrayers.<br /><br />Being the most senior descendant of both Hugh Capet and Louis XIV of France, our king is Louis XX, and may God hive gim male issue in the near future, or the claim would pass most likely to Felipe, Prince of Asturias that to the date also lacks any male issue.<br /><br />Louis Alphone of Bourbon and Martínez-Bordiú was born on April 25th, 1974 at the city of Madrid, Spain, being the second son of Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cadiz and his then wife María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú and Franco, a grand daughter of the late Generalissimo Francisco Franco.<br /><br />Louis Alphonse was at that time given the courtesy title of Duke of Toureine, and in 1975 his grandfather Jaime, Duke of Anjou and Segovia died, leaving Louis' father as Titular King, legitimist proclaimed his father as Alphonse III of France, Louis was then at the second place of the line of succession after his elder brother Francisco.<br /><br />Unfortunately Francisco died in a car crash on February 7, 1984, Louis was left thus as the only and true Dauphin of Viennois and France. However his royal cousin, Juan Carlos I of Spain has never liked his claims, and thus several frictions have existed between both families, for example in 1987 the Royal Crown of Spain declared that the Duchy of Cadiz would no longer by hereditary, thus when Alphonse III died in 1989 at a skiing accident, Louis did not receive the title of Duke of Cadiz.<br /><br />However for all of we legitimists, since 1989 Louis Alphonse became HMCM Louis XX King of France and Navarre, Duke of Anjou, Chief of the House of Bourbon, as the most senior living descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus also Chief of the Capetian Dinasty, that includes at least other three royal Houses (Spain, Two-Sicilies, Portugal), one grand ducal (House of Bourbon-Parma-Nassau of Luxemborug), one princely house (House of Bourbon-Parma), one Imperial (House of Orleans-Braganza) and several other minor branches (As the Dukes of Orleans, or the Dukes of Galliera).<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1eSeot-RN1x5spupRnnXaByXw6Fwbh-pWcqVM_6oSdHIjKJKJPlaFKRzh36peAQHV7K2L0Wu8OJma9vDVLfZxrsZ2fZXgmcdy7E5_pVw-PMEn-9hyphenhyphenbg-ww-3rnmlFR9a-OdWrAx0F1Ko/s1600-h/wedding+louis+mar.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 195px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1eSeot-RN1x5spupRnnXaByXw6Fwbh-pWcqVM_6oSdHIjKJKJPlaFKRzh36peAQHV7K2L0Wu8OJma9vDVLfZxrsZ2fZXgmcdy7E5_pVw-PMEn-9hyphenhyphenbg-ww-3rnmlFR9a-OdWrAx0F1Ko/s320/wedding+louis+mar.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5268641994356064642" /></a><br /><br />On November 5th, 2004 he married the venezuelan heiress Margarita Vargas y Santaella, with the hope for all of we the legitimist that soon male heirs would be born, a thing that to the date has not yet happened, however both the King and the Queen are young and well in the age of child-bearing.<br /><br />Their first daughter was born on March 5th, 2007 and was named Eugenia, for all of we the legitimists she must be styled as HRH the Madame Royale or HRH Eugenia, Fille de France. Our king studied economics and is currently working at a Bank in Venezuela.<br /><br />On the next and final entry about the succession in France I'll talk about the future of the line of succession and our hope for the birth of the so desired dauphin.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhEVOgBAs0N1bb1lb1OS8ELJJQx7sWP3wUhr6dlig20j1BB9RYLrplFqtUiYW0hxrLnqPDIjy9Z9uCSnhOWff13689hpHhJyjMcjtBVrxv493ajNnfrMuOBdRTtFiSaAq15AARDFfI_kc/s1600-h/Royal+arms+of+france.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhEVOgBAs0N1bb1lb1OS8ELJJQx7sWP3wUhr6dlig20j1BB9RYLrplFqtUiYW0hxrLnqPDIjy9Z9uCSnhOWff13689hpHhJyjMcjtBVrxv493ajNnfrMuOBdRTtFiSaAq15AARDFfI_kc/s320/Royal+arms+of+france.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5268642160240268274" /></a>Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-71405311337424943862008-10-26T18:02:00.000-07:002008-10-26T18:34:19.966-07:00The Orleans: A family that betrayed its own origins<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLiXW2A0f7_86nPqRuxyoa75wrfT_IaTGfPIcBashoJ0SIFQti9fWe0ZbpkI8tz2ZluTHa1qFTuAD8oYZvvgUpRaaDQ4OsKjO_WdmKp0t09DeuvAR1FJuJTfwnteNcjIO7EvdVyhpXtMs/s1600-h/Louis-Philippe_coa.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 282px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLiXW2A0f7_86nPqRuxyoa75wrfT_IaTGfPIcBashoJ0SIFQti9fWe0ZbpkI8tz2ZluTHa1qFTuAD8oYZvvgUpRaaDQ4OsKjO_WdmKp0t09DeuvAR1FJuJTfwnteNcjIO7EvdVyhpXtMs/s320/Louis-Philippe_coa.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5261639466017977730" /></a><br />Coat of arms used by Louis Philip III, Duke of Orleans during his tenure as "King of the French"<br /><br />How can a monarchist support a branch that descends from the so called Philip Egalitte? may be the most hypocritye person that has ever existed, the betray of the Duke of Orleans can be compared to that of Judas against Our Lord Jesuschrist.<br /><br />In the eve of the french revolution Louis Philip II, Duke of Orleans was the Premier Prince du Sang, a french prince with all the privileges and honours that the title carries, however he was always a very ambicious person that wanted to be the King of France at any cost.<br /><br />It was 1789 and the revolution erupted in l'hexagone of France, soon came the most tragic year of all the Monarchical History: 1792, the year when His Most Christian Majesty Louis XVI of France was beheaded by the guillotine, everybody will be surpised knowing that Louis Philip II voted in favor of the regicide, even the revolutionaries were shocked by this. <br /><br />The young son of Louis XVI, Louis Charles became for the royalist Louis XVII however the french revolutionary government decided to establish a republic and abolish the monarchy, Louis Philip II changed his name to Philippe Egalite and "rennounced" to his origins and alligned with the new government.<br /><br />He had a special disgust for the queen Marie Antoinette and there are very deep suspicions that he even provoked the death of the Dowager Queen. At the end however everyone pays its own debts, and Louis Philip II was also killed by the revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, I'm sure he's paying his sins at the hell lamenting his betray to his royal cousin the martyr king Louis XVI.<br /><br />Ironically his son and succesor Louis Philip III succeeded to become "King of the French" as an usurper thus following the betray of his father, in 1830 when Charles X abdicated the throne should have passed to Louis XIX and after him to Henry V, however the General Estates "elected" the Duke of Orleans as the next monarch, this was of course illegal and without any historical or traditional basis.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilmLwFHyPC0rTMJbea0BroWt-gpk0cf_XAhukOy_e_-1YQ8pzbfHww1t1lQnRfPDl6Kt8hkcYbx5xIshWkpDKWBMVvrG2s4By8YbMgFJYY3UmmP5e-I-YTAIGRyUIddpWWgmFGoQK78uk/s1600-h/538px-Caricature_Charles_Philipon_pear.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 287px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilmLwFHyPC0rTMJbea0BroWt-gpk0cf_XAhukOy_e_-1YQ8pzbfHww1t1lQnRfPDl6Kt8hkcYbx5xIshWkpDKWBMVvrG2s4By8YbMgFJYY3UmmP5e-I-YTAIGRyUIddpWWgmFGoQK78uk/s320/538px-Caricature_Charles_Philipon_pear.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5261640155957256818" /></a><br />Louis-Philippe III, Duke of Orleans, one of the biggest betrayers in French history.<br /><br />As a prince du sang and cousin to the king, Louis Philip III should have rejected the offer of the throne, however he accepted and became "King of the French", BETRAY BETRAY and more BETRAY!, at the end he payed his betray when in 1848 a new French Revolution deposed his usurper government, the decaying prince then was exiled.<br /><br />Today his male line descendants continue to claim the throne of France under false and illegal pretensions, they are not the most senior capetians, they are betrayeres of the legitime monarchy, they are standard bearers of a fratricide legacy, the only right pretender to the Throne of the Holy France is: HMCM Louis XX, Duke of Anjou, may God give him male issue!!Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-54101311421964934202008-10-16T08:52:00.001-07:002008-10-16T09:33:32.843-07:00Philip V's rennunciation: Null and void to both International Law and God's eyes<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3p2ISdQIgMdKm0E3gtgsIC_FFVLvglqIL50Tbd4EmETQBcqb-WJ8p8cKi0R_GqM7QqA3ElqW7V4L2z8ZJqMwJcIldi6TEqMIYY9nCOIfrXfdtIPz8DnL5sf2pQxPR7GbtxRi1OqP58sQ/s1600-h/Luis+XX.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3p2ISdQIgMdKm0E3gtgsIC_FFVLvglqIL50Tbd4EmETQBcqb-WJ8p8cKi0R_GqM7QqA3ElqW7V4L2z8ZJqMwJcIldi6TEqMIYY9nCOIfrXfdtIPz8DnL5sf2pQxPR7GbtxRi1OqP58sQ/s320/Luis+XX.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257790329054125314" /></a><br /><br />HMCM Louis XX, current Legitimist (And only rightfull) Titular King of France<br /><br />In 1700 Charles II of Spain died childless, the last king of the most senior House of the Austrias, the Spanish Habsburgs, was a sick person unable to procreate even he marries twice, he was deformed and was sterile.<br /><br />As the male line of the Spanish Habsburgs died with Charles II, then the throne should pass (According to the traditional law of succession followed by the Spanish Monarchy) to the eldest daughter of the previous monarch, Philip IV of France, and then to her issue, the Infanta Maria Theresa of Spain that was already deceased but had left her own issue.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_mYWydpf8Rv53GH2jr-YFTItpNk6kg1hKX2ZZOKmED9_79JucewADu-Ch5QS1iVoYZYJy89dj6XA_XQwB44RdOg-SzACi5uxU90EQ6cPzoP6jEtPtonD6CHE5gM20RtJbeQrzh8W8EsE/s1600-h/Dibujo.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_mYWydpf8Rv53GH2jr-YFTItpNk6kg1hKX2ZZOKmED9_79JucewADu-Ch5QS1iVoYZYJy89dj6XA_XQwB44RdOg-SzACi5uxU90EQ6cPzoP6jEtPtonD6CHE5gM20RtJbeQrzh8W8EsE/s320/Dibujo.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257787826882278786" /></a><br /><br />The family tree shown above demonstrates how the Bourbons were the next in line of succession to the then heirless Spanish throne.<br /><br />Maria Theresa was the queen consort of Louis XIV and their only surviving son was, Louis the Grand Dauphin, then in normal conditions he would have been the next monarch of Spain, however he was destined to become King of France at teh death of Louis XIV, and thus unable to accend another throne.<br /><br />In those times the theories of the Balance of Power were already very popular and thus no european power would allow a single monarch to become king of two very powerfull countries as it were both Spain and France.<br /><br />The Grand Dauphin had three sons of his own: Louis, Duke of Bourgogne (Also expected to become king of France at some time), Philip, Duke of Anjou and Charles, Duke of Berry, it was decided then that Philip was going to be selected as the heir to the Spanish crown so the thrones of France and Spain would remain separated.<br /><br />However in XVIIIth century Europe the life was ephimeral and the deseases took the lives of both royals and commoners, as that the succession issues were common as life expectancy was short. Even the succession to both French and Spanish thrones was already separated, countries as Prussia, the HRE and England feared that in near future it would be possible that both countries will be unified in a personal union.<br /><br />Then in 1700 Philip, Duke of Anjou became Philip V of Spain, but was still in the line of succession to the French Throne, the War of Spanish Succession then erupted, as the archduke Charles of Austria (Future Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor) contested the accession of Philip V.<br /><br />At the end of the War, Philip V could assure his new crown, however he was FORCED to rennounce to his rights to the French throne. According to the then popular "Divine right of Kings" it was impossible to rennounce to one's divine destiny, Philip V as a capetian had al the rights to become King of France in the eventuality of the loss of the heirs apparents, according to modern International Law any treaty signed under coersions is illegal and thus null and void.<br /><br />The so called rennunciation of Philip V was thus illegal in both traditional and modern law, a Prince du Sang can not simply rennounce his right of blood, and the centuries old French Salic tradition could not be affected by a treaty of such nature. <br /><br />It was never necessary to call Philip V back to France since the little Louis XV could survive infancy and produce his own issue, however unfortunately this line became extinct in 1883 at the death of the Count of Chamboard, thus according to Salic Law the succession devolved to the descendants of Philip V of Spain. <br /><br />Under no means a French Prince can be deprived of it's right to succession, this did not happened even when the protestant Henry IV acceeded to the throne, and at the time that tyhe succession devolved to descendants of Philip V, the most senior Bourbon was not reigning as King of Spain thus no violation to the Balance of Power happened.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyRFDDDsvVfsCZLPwEBKzKkKySx7UHxXPMoWAJ3oIfWbMTApqNrnNATuT-5HilPJp8vBYF3kLxVapwDJMRU8rP31VAkBR1pTlWl1CiZ2yV9RR0LeI6a0hqpB-Zp2ryRqNyjcfR8yFvksQ/s1600-h/398px-DonJuanIII.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyRFDDDsvVfsCZLPwEBKzKkKySx7UHxXPMoWAJ3oIfWbMTApqNrnNATuT-5HilPJp8vBYF3kLxVapwDJMRU8rP31VAkBR1pTlWl1CiZ2yV9RR0LeI6a0hqpB-Zp2ryRqNyjcfR8yFvksQ/s320/398px-DonJuanIII.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257788537442781074" /></a><br /><br />Juan, Count of Montizon (Pictured above) of the Carlist Branch of the Spanish Bourbons was then the next rightfull king of Spain, his line became extinct in 1936 and then it passed to the royal line of Spain with Alfonso XIII of Spain, however both the spanish and french lines became separated again in 1941, the second son (Jaime, Duke of Segovia) of Alfonso XIII succeeded to the french crown while the youngest (Juan, Count of Barcelona) succeeded to the spanish.<br /><br />Even today both lines are separated, with HMCM Louis XX as the pretender to the french throne, and HM Juan Carlos I as the present and reigning King of Spain, then there it is no reason to use the argument of the personal union to avoid Louis XX becoming King of France.<br /><br />In brief the rennunciation was null and void, the spanish and french lines of the Bourbons are now again separated and thus there it is no valid reason to reject Louis XX as the only rightfull pretender of the throne.<br /><br />Remember that since 987 the following formula was always true:<br /><br />Most senior Capetian= King of France<br />HMCM Louis XX= King of France DEI GRATIACarolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-47743875978831387682008-10-15T08:43:00.000-07:002008-10-15T09:42:00.144-07:00The issue of the succession in France<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2NKcqnY4zSZ5SDl43i-boxSwn8gHjBsK3MDu64-q5BbQgOTq3WBVNvgbGC6n_WrXy8JP2DikZKO5arsDG8IzJdAXTGutV-1ZINaGDkZTUB3cjwfuvcgSisSjK1KHgp2wEZS1d6UPlbFo/s1600-h/414px-FranceRoyale.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2NKcqnY4zSZ5SDl43i-boxSwn8gHjBsK3MDu64-q5BbQgOTq3WBVNvgbGC6n_WrXy8JP2DikZKO5arsDG8IzJdAXTGutV-1ZINaGDkZTUB3cjwfuvcgSisSjK1KHgp2wEZS1d6UPlbFo/s320/414px-FranceRoyale.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257414467616278482" /></a><br />Why should we always support Louis XX as the rightfull pretender to the throne of France??? Why is there a succession crisis in France???? What are we expecting for the near future in the French Throne???? This questions are going to be answered in a series of entries that will be totally dedicated to demonstrate that Louis XX is the rightfull King of France.<br /><br />1.- The "extinction" of the main line of the French Bourbons<br /><br />The French Revolution was a genocide, according to the current definitions a "Genocide" is a deliberate and systematic destruction of a certain group. During the French Revolution thousands of nobles died, only because their noble or royal birth, hundreds and even thousands of innocent souls died in a horrible genocide that most of the liberal historians have ignored during these centuries.<br /><br />Even the Royal Family of France suffered from this unjustified genocide, the first to die was His Most Christian Majesty Louis XVI, then his wife the Queen Marie Antoinette, other members of the Royal Family had a similar fate, for example Madame Élisabeth of France the youngest sister of Louis XVI (Pictured below).<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKbGNAE3aA7JD189W4QtSvqEBxT-JwAXPT7O16MzWrxp2wuVxN9titLWNUaOoz8H_Dbw_069pYNKB3Ific3iLuTSIOsowKeyRQTK9ya-_zGxnMTsCSyZJwJsdLhbm11SvVmX8gq0Qo2bo/s1600-h/Louis_XVI2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKbGNAE3aA7JD189W4QtSvqEBxT-JwAXPT7O16MzWrxp2wuVxN9titLWNUaOoz8H_Dbw_069pYNKB3Ific3iLuTSIOsowKeyRQTK9ya-_zGxnMTsCSyZJwJsdLhbm11SvVmX8gq0Qo2bo/s320/Louis_XVI2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257414912956108402" /></a><br /><br />The royal partner left only two children, the Madame Royale and the Dauphin that in 1793 (After the beheading of his father the king) became HMCM Louis XVII of France, however he was imprisoned by the revolutionaries (How can someone justify the imprisioning of an innocent child?????) in very sad and unclean conditions, it was just a matter of time before he would fell ill.<br /><br />Louis XVII died in 1795, thus the male line of Louis XVI was extinct, the throne then passed in titularity to Louis XVIII (Brother of Louis XVI), the new king however was also childless and failed during all his lifetime to produce any issue, his male line then was also extinct at the time of his own death in 1824.<br /><br />The last male scion of the generation of Luis XVI was his youngest brother Charles X, that had two sons of his own: the Dauphin Louis of Angouléme and Charles, Duke of Berry. It were some hopes that they would likely had children of their own and ensure the continuation of the main line of the Royal Bourbons.<br /><br />Louis of Angouléme was married to the Madame Royal, the last surviving child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, however for the sadness of everyone they failed to produce any child. Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry was murdered in 1820 however he left his wife, Caroline Ferdinande of the Two Sicilies, pregned and she later gave birth to the very last male scion of the Royal Bourbons of France, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux.<br /><br />However in 1830 Charles X was forced to abdicate, the Dauphin Louis XIX also rennounced his rights to the throne and as Charles was already dead, the throne should have passed to the Duke of Bordeaux. However a huge betray then happened, the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philip usurped the throne and crowned himself as "King of the French".<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo-o1bbHH8lQF0sDs3RFNqxO2Y708jRaAwHbeQb8m76dFOpl1xyxqekh9wgbuDr870sCGJQLoe06oNmL6Kku7sXvguvzkRoVi2YTVfvNXII6JaCW72dRvIl6GxYfZubpXKoeGJuC1b4Yw/s1600-h/Comte-de-chambord.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo-o1bbHH8lQF0sDs3RFNqxO2Y708jRaAwHbeQb8m76dFOpl1xyxqekh9wgbuDr870sCGJQLoe06oNmL6Kku7sXvguvzkRoVi2YTVfvNXII6JaCW72dRvIl6GxYfZubpXKoeGJuC1b4Yw/s320/Comte-de-chambord.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257415671993468738" /></a><br /><br />To the general suffering ot the monarchists, the Duke of Bordeaux (Better known as Count of Chamboard, and pictured above) failed to produce children of his own and thus the main line of the Bourbons became extinct in 1883, and thus the doubt came, who was the next in the line of succession???<br /><br />Following the agnatic succession under Salic Law, always followed in strict order by the French Monarchy, the next heir was Juan, Count of Montizon, the most senior living descendant of Philip V of Spain and thus of Louis XIV of France.<br /><br />In the next entry I will discuss why the so called "rennunciation" of Philip V was illegal and thus without any real effect, I will also discuss why the Orleans Family has not any real right to pretend the throne, Henry the so called Count of Paris is only in the 76th place of the line of succession and is descended from usurpers and betrayers of the only true and legitime monarchy.<br /><br />This series of entries will be distributed in the following way:<br /><br />1.- "Extinction" of the main line of the French Royal House. (Current)<br />2.- The so called "rennunciation" of Philip V. (Next)<br />3.- The Orleans: A family that betrayed their own origins.<br />4.- His Most Christian Majesty Louis XX Titular King of France.<br />5.- The future of the succession.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-9794011247277271142008-10-10T12:00:00.000-07:002008-10-10T12:33:41.452-07:00The forgotten infantas: Isabella Clara Eugenia and Catherine Michelle of Spain<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRl3DaXJbY1Ie_NjWPTuxZrHKxYGkJN58VQ99kPg4qw4McKooohyphenhyphen_EjN7D-Rif4DB9GsPcQJc3KoaZ6t6MEJZyI4QEIpG5zCCvKYHaOPiHpcUbJxU7g8EylmylGeaNrSxTcSKFjiR5Ai0/s1600-h/infantas.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRl3DaXJbY1Ie_NjWPTuxZrHKxYGkJN58VQ99kPg4qw4McKooohyphenhyphen_EjN7D-Rif4DB9GsPcQJc3KoaZ6t6MEJZyI4QEIpG5zCCvKYHaOPiHpcUbJxU7g8EylmylGeaNrSxTcSKFjiR5Ai0/s320/infantas.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255605837729024386" /></a><br />Today when I woke up I remembered this two very special infantas. They are almost forgotten by historians and most monarchists in Spain, and however they are very important because of a series of reasons that I will expose next.<br /><br />This two girls were the only surviving daughters from the marriage between Philip II of Spain and his third wife, Elizabeth of France (Daughter of Henry II of France, and thus a member of the Royal House of Valois-Angouléme, exposed in the last entry of this blog), Isabella Claura Eugenia was the eldest to survive, (before her a set of female twis was miscarriaged) and after her came the Infanta Catherine Michelle, their mother Elizabeth then gave birth to a son, both mother and son died the very same day.<br /><br />Philip II had already a male heir Don Carlos, Prince of Asturias a son by his first marriage with Maria Manuela of Portugal, however he died in 1568 leaving Philip heirless, he then married the fiance of his own deceased son, the archduchess Anne of Austria (Even he was her own uncle). From this marriage Philip II finally could produce new male heirs, the only surviving would become the next king of Spain: Philip III.<br /><br /><br />Well, in this circumstances grew older the poor infantas, however their father, the always ambicious Philip II had great plans and vission for their daughters, specially for the eldest, Isabella Clara Eugenia. When in 1558 Elizabeth I came to the throne of England, the devout Roman Catholic Philip II could not simply accept a protestand in the throne of the Island, indeed Philip II wanted Isabella Clara Eugenia to become the next monarch of England (The only claim she could have to the throne was that his father Philip II had been indeed King of England in the right of his second wife, Queen Mary I of England, however Isabella Clara Eugenia was not her descendant).<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHloPjCITp7kZsyY_ItJU5PLWhHOirdo8o1hgt3nmMc-UcyQUJNi8amINPNMw9YyIQlHKRALwrd_QNeIXRjUiO-j3rym2JI_vrvMUdwOTGUz00PHoZzHvDfnmVnd7Wk6Sl2UzYU3Fi8RM/s1600-h/440px-Isabella_Rubens.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHloPjCITp7kZsyY_ItJU5PLWhHOirdo8o1hgt3nmMc-UcyQUJNi8amINPNMw9YyIQlHKRALwrd_QNeIXRjUiO-j3rym2JI_vrvMUdwOTGUz00PHoZzHvDfnmVnd7Wk6Sl2UzYU3Fi8RM/s320/440px-Isabella_Rubens.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255607657521175554" /></a><br /><br />Of course this failed, and all hopes were beaten after the defeat of the "Armada Invencible" of Spain. Then Philip II sought another throne for her daughter in that of France, indeed she was the nearest blood relative (And also the most senior) to the last kings of the House of Valois-Angoulême in France), however she was barred from the throne because of the Salic Law, in 1589 when her last Valois uncle died heirless the throne went to the Premier Prince du Sang, the King of Navarre, Henry IV.<br /><br />At the end in 1598 Isabella Clara Eugenia was declared Sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands in a co-regency with her husband, the archduke Albert VII of Austria, finally she could reign over her own realm in the right of his nephew the King Philip III of Spain.<br /><br />The times of Isabella Clara Eugenia as co-sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands are remembered as a Golden Age.<br /><br />Catherine Michele the youngest had a much shorter life, however she succeeded were his sister failed, while Isabella Clara Eugenia failed to produce heirs (She gave birth to three siblings, however all they died very young), Catherine Michele gave birth to his spouse, Charles Emmanuel I Duke of Savoy, ten children.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Brn-nzY_K3pjtZ3AaCq9e8ehD3GpwFw6YjRX9JLHJzUAjRmRe-1IsWmpx5JKT_rk-1Zzzy6COlTJW8Ez9hWiOCa-p0H31MaYToestiSgXmYIoE0clZmRgJLj4B7T51yVwyJzXzb-N1E/s1600-h/Catalinamicaelaspain65.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Brn-nzY_K3pjtZ3AaCq9e8ehD3GpwFw6YjRX9JLHJzUAjRmRe-1IsWmpx5JKT_rk-1Zzzy6COlTJW8Ez9hWiOCa-p0H31MaYToestiSgXmYIoE0clZmRgJLj4B7T51yVwyJzXzb-N1E/s320/Catalinamicaelaspain65.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255610205469736674" /></a><br /><br />Catherine Michele died shortly after turning thirty years old, however all their descendants succeeded to built the Royal House of Savoy, first as dukes of Savoy, then as Kings of Sardinia and finally as Kings of Italy. Her descendants were the main line of the Savoy and also the junior line of Savoy-Carignano that at the extinction of the former became the most senior and the one that succeeded to the throne of Italy.<br /><br />Then as you can see both infantas have indeed a very special place in history, Isabella Clara Eugenia as a potential pretender to very important thrones and as a ruler of the Spanish Netherlands, and Catherine Michele as the matriarch of the Royal Hoyse of Savoy.Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-33524168727157046922008-10-07T14:49:00.000-07:002008-10-09T08:22:00.045-07:00Le Maison de Valois-Angoulême<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFLcvOhXMujIbYXIGKkOTaDJKSfppaXwQJNSjA9fuvFZFfaFSrC_JeXuAG90e-yetuKszZEVDsiapJ3y_r-b6vcf3oaBV9YfljpXn1JCx4iKzShpZRoWO6LcdWaCKO4HfaopppAmPDeCo/s1600-h/Valois.png"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFLcvOhXMujIbYXIGKkOTaDJKSfppaXwQJNSjA9fuvFZFfaFSrC_JeXuAG90e-yetuKszZEVDsiapJ3y_r-b6vcf3oaBV9YfljpXn1JCx4iKzShpZRoWO6LcdWaCKO4HfaopppAmPDeCo/s320/Valois.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5254545087601914114" /></a><br />In 1328 the senior lineage of the Capetian Dinasty became extinct in the male line at the death of Charles IV of France.<br /><br />After his death, the succession was unclear and several pretenders claimed the vacant French throne, he only left one daugther and his wife was pregnant, however at the end the queen Jeanne gave birth to another daughter.<br /><br />In this moment the monarchy was defined to be ruled under Salic Law and thus all the sons born through female lines were barred from the throne, including Edward III of England who was claiming without any legal basis to be the rightfull king of France (The kings of England, and then from Great Britain continued to claim the French throne as late as 1801).<br /><br />The nearest relative in the main line to the last king of France was Philip, Count of Valois, from then on the French Monarchy has been always ruled by the most strict and perfect Salic Law, this prevented France to be swallowed by England.<br /><br />The main line of the Valois died out in 1498, it was followed by the brief reign of Louis XII who belonged to the junior branch of Valois-Orleans, however he also died without male heirs and in 1515 after his death, he was succeeded in the throne by a first cousin once removed, Francis I of Valois-Angoulême, <strong>a new lineage of french kings was born</strong>.<br /><br />However the history had different plans for the new reigning House of France, it seems that the Valois-Angoulême were a cursed family, a lot of strange facts and unfortunate events lead us to think this.<br /><br />The first king of this House is remembered as an accomplished writer and a man of letters, however his life was full of tragedies and slips. All of his reign was a bitter fight against his mosty hated enemy, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V who was also the King of Spain.<br /><br />Charles V's reign supposed a permanent threat to the French Kingdom, Francis had unsuccesfully tried to become the Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, instead his enemy was chosen.<br /><br />The most tragic event of his life came when he was captured in 1525 at the Battle of Pavia, he was forced to sign an humilliant treaty which greatly affected his own realm, he even had to leave his sons as hostages as a backing to his own word (That was put in doubt).<br /><br />In 1536 he lost hiw eldest son and heir, Francis, Dauphin of France, and when he finally died in 1547 he was then succeeded by his second son, Henry that became Henry II of France, and who also had a very sad life but a even a worse dead.<br /><br />Henry II married to the bitter and ambicious Catherine De Medici, and he had four sons that survived to adulthood and even the dinasty semt to be well safe in the male line, the destiny had different plans, all of the four would fail to produce their own male issue.<br /><br />Henry II ended with the Italian Wars and even recaptured Calais, however everything else was obscure, he married his heir Francis to the heir of Scotland, Mary I, the marriage would then give the Dauphin of France rights not only to the Kingdom of France but also to that of Scotland, and potentially to that of England.<br /><br />However the big hopes of the dinasty were all bitterly destroyed, Henry II died in 1559 when he was participating in a tournament to celebrate the peace with his long-time enemies the Habsburgs, there in a tragic accident a lance wounded him in an eye and had a long and very painfull death.<br /><br />He was succeeded in the throne by Francis II who in turn died one year later, not only a king died but also the pretensions over Scotland and England also.<br /><br />In 1560 came Charles IX a weak and fearfull child that had to suffer from the wars of religion and the struggle of power in France, his mother Catherine a rude women is supposed to be one of the main minds behind the bloody Massacre of Saint Barthelemy, where large crowds of hugenots were tragically murdered.<br /><br />Charles IX died in 1574 childless and almost totally out of his mind, believing that he was going to hell after the massacres that occurred during his ephimeral reign. The last monarch of the dinasty, Henry III had also a poor reputation, some historians agree that he was an homosexual this after his exaggerate effeminate aspect and manners.<br /><br />Henry III failed to produce heirs, to stop the religion wars in France and when his brother Hercules (The last male scion of the House of Valois) died, the faith of the dinasty was written. The premier prince du sang, and then heir presumptive was his distant cousin Henry of Bourbon, King of Navarre, a protestant.<br /><br />Charles IX was murdered in 1589 and the Valos-Angolême dinasty died with him, the great House of Bourbon then succeeded, the Bourbons continue to this day and in fact they are the last surviving legitimate branch of the Capetian Dinasty.<br /><br />I added a Family Tree (Original production) in order to expose the three generations of the Valois-Angoulême, even they had sad lifes, I hope they found a peacefull and quiet rest at Heaven. <br /><br />God Bless ThemCarolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5717812307744349580.post-68871312524371976362008-10-02T21:08:00.000-07:002008-10-02T21:32:39.740-07:00Welcome to International Monarchism<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDPpThkkCk1DFnB7Xj2fkc6STcRS7TcRBm_PXSHff4o_yGHiFY-Z_eLMrX4LPupbTMSk1zbtxRtfPVXQSsVOCdq9TkxtY3EFIb6lE0co-VkE8aLJsxTBRyNCmjOSl460usYKdtoeiJPAY/s1600-h/800px-Louis_xvi_et_marie.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDPpThkkCk1DFnB7Xj2fkc6STcRS7TcRBm_PXSHff4o_yGHiFY-Z_eLMrX4LPupbTMSk1zbtxRtfPVXQSsVOCdq9TkxtY3EFIb6lE0co-VkE8aLJsxTBRyNCmjOSl460usYKdtoeiJPAY/s320/800px-Louis_xvi_et_marie.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5252780682942768802" /></a><br />Hi my name is Federico Campos, and I am mexican of birth, since I was a child I've been a strong supporter of monarchism and so I decided that it was time to express to the world my ideals and my reasons. It is difficult to be a monarchist in a very republican country as Mexico, however I'll never surrend my ideal of monarchism.<br /><br />The main cause of this blog is to create a place for all monarchists arround the World (Specially those in the Christian World) in order to exchange opinions and to glorify the most wonderfull and beautiful form of state: The Monarchy<br /><br />This blog is defined as follows:<br /><br />*Legitimist: Always supporting Louis XX, Duke of Anjou (May God always bless him)<br />*Respectful of the UK: I think jacobitism is right, however at the end of Henry IX, the succession becomes less clear, and thus is better to accept the status of His Majesty Elizabeth II (Shall always God bless her and give her more years to come)<br />*Supportive of Salic Law: I think the salic law is a beautiful form to define lines of succession, however I am notr against the rule of women (Many queens have been incredibly wise, as Maria Theresa of the HRE or queen Cristina of Sweden).<br />*Iturbidist: Supporting the rights of His Imperial Highness Maximilian II of Mexico, heir general of the emperor Agustin Iturbide of Mexico.<br />*Always monarchist: supporting the restoration of the monarchy in the following countries:<br />-Italy: in the person of Vittorio Emmanuele IV<br />-Greece: In the person of His Majesty Constantine II<br />-Austria: In the person of His Imperial Majesty Otto I of Habsburg<br />-Germany: In the person of His Imperial Majesty George Frederick I, Titular German Emperor<br />-France: In the person of His Most Christian Majesty Louis XX of France<br />-Portugal: In the person of Dom Duarte de Braganza (A male line descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a Capetian in an illegitime line)<br />-Bulgaria: In the person of Simeon II Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<br />-Romania: In the person of HM Michael II of Hohenzollern (And supporting his eldest daughter as the next in line)<br />-Serbia: In the person of Crown Prince Alexander<br />-Montenegro: In the person of HRH Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro<br />-Albania: In the person of Leka, Crown Prince of Albania<br />-Mexico: In the person of HIM Maximilian II, Titular Emperor of Mexico<br />-Brazil: In the person of Luis-Gastao, Titular Emperor of Brazil<br /><br />I guess there are many other thrones i would support, and of course in the future I will paid them respect and loyalty.<br /><br />From time to time, issues surrounding monarchy will be discussed in this Blog, for example the dynastic disputes in France, Two-Sicilies and Brazil, I'm sure that we will have different opinions, but it is important to always remember that united we will achieve the more good for Monarchy.<br /><br />I am also supporting the motion in the UK to stop banning the catholics from reaching the throne, you may find more info on the issue in the following lynk (Is in spanish): http://www.monarquiaconfidencial.com/pg_Articulo.aspx?IdObjeto=698 <br /><br />God bless forever monarchy and all the Christian Royal Houses!<br /><br />Please comment!! No matter what language do you speak!Carolus Fridericushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14198061155694522454noreply@blogger.com11